514 JAVMA • Vol 248 • No. 5 • March 1, 2016
15. Frana TS, Clough NE, Gatewood DM, et al. Postmarketing sur-
veillance of rabies vaccines for dogs to evaluate safety and ef-
ficacy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008;232:1000–1002.
16. Hanlon CA, Childs JE, Nettles VF, et al. Recommendations of a
national working group on prevention and control of rabies
in the United States. Article III: rabies in wildlife. J Am Vet Med
Assoc 1999;215:1612–1618.
17. Slate D, Algeo TD, Nelson KM, et al. Oral rabies vaccination in
North America: opportunities, complexities, and challenges.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009;3:e549.
18. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists Surveillance/
Informatics Subcommittee. Recommendations for the imple-
mentation of electronic laboratory reporting in the United
States. 09-SI-03. Atlanta: Council of State and Territorial Epide-
miologists, 2009. Available at: c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.cste.
org/resource/resmgr/PS/09-SI-03.pdf. Accessed Jun 15, 2015.
19. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists Surveillance/
Informatics Subcommittee. Process statement for immedi-
ately nationally notifiable conditions. 09-SI-04. Available at:
c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.cste.org/resource/resmgr/PS/09-
SI-04.pdf. Accessed Jun 15, 2015.
20. Hanlon CA, Smith JS, Anderson GR, et al. Recommendations of
a national working group on prevention and control of rabies
in the United States. Article II: laboratory diagnosis of rabies.
J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:1444–1446.
21. Rudd RJ, Smith JS, Yager PA, et al. A need for standardized rabies-
virus diagnostic procedures: effect of cover-glass mountant on
the reliability of antigen detection by the fluorescent antibody
test. Virus Res 2005;111:83–88.
22. AVMA. AVMA guidelines for the euthanasia of animals: 2013
edition. Available at www.avma.org/KB/Policies/Documents/
euthanasia.pdf. Accessed Jun 15, 2015.
23. American Association of Zoo Veterinarians. Guidelines for the
euthanasia of nondomestic animals. Yulee, Fla: American As-
sociation of Zoo Veterinarians, 2006.
24. CDC. Public health response to a potentially rabid bear cub—
Iowa, 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1999;48:971–973.
25. Niezgoda M, Rupprecht CE. Standard operating procedure for
the direct rapid immunohistochemistry test (DRIT) for the
detection of rabies virus antigen. Atlanta: CDC, 2006. Available
at: rabiessurveillanceblueprint.org/IMG/pdf/cdc_drit_sop.pdf.
Accessed Jun 15, 2015.
26. Lembo T, Niezgoda M, Velasco-Villa A, et al. Evaluation of a di-
rect, rapid immunohistochemical test for rabies diagnosis.
Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:310–313.
27. Dürr S, Naïssengar S, Mindekem R, et al. Rabies diagnosis for de-
veloping countries. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2008;2:e206.
28. Saturday GA, King R, Fuhrmann L. Validation and operational
application of a rapid method for rabies antigen detection. US
Army Med Dep J 2009;Jan-Mar:42–45.
29. Tizard I, Ni Y. Use of serologic testing to assess immune status
of companion animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:54–60.
30. Greene CE. Rabies and other lyssavirus infections. In: Greene
CE, ed. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat. 3rd ed. London:
Saunders Elsevier, 2006;167–183.
31. Rupprecht CE, Gilbert J, Pitts R, et al. Evaluation of an inacti-
vated rabies virus vaccine in domestic ferrets. J Am Vet Med
Assoc 1990;196:1614–1616.
32. Moore SM, Hanlon CA. Rabies-specific antibodies: measuring
surrogates of protection against a fatal disease. PLoS Negl Trop
Dis 2010;4:e595.
33. Welborn LV, DeVries JG, Ford R, et al. 2011 AAHA canine vac-
cination guidelines. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2011;47:1–42.
34. Scherk MA, Ford RB, Gaskell RM, et al. 2013 AAFP feline vacci-
nation advisory panel report. J Feline Med Surg 2013;15:785–
808.
35. Aubert MF. Practical significance of rabies antibodies in cats
and dogs. Rev Sci Tech 1992;11:735–760.
36. Muirhead TL, McClure JT, Wichtel JJ, et al. The effect of age on
serum antibody titers after rabies and influenza vaccination in
healthy horses. J Vet Intern Med 2008;22:654–661.
37. Shimazaki Y, Inoue S, Takahashi C, et al. Immune response to
Japanese rabies vaccine in domestic dogs. J Vet Med B Infect
Dis Vet Public Health 2003;50:95–98.
38. Cliquet F, Verdier Y, Sagné L, et al. Neutralising antibody titration
in 25,000 sera of dogs and cats vaccinated against rabies in
France, in the framework of the new regulations that offer an
alternative to quarantine. Rev Sci Tech 2003;22:857–866.
39. Moore MC, Davis RD, Kang Q, et al. Comparison of anamnes-
tic responses to rabies vaccination in dogs and cats with cur-
rent and out-of-date vaccination status. J Am Vet Med Assoc
2015;246:205–211.
40. American Association of Equine Practitioners. Core vaccina-
tion guidelines: rabies. Available at: www.aaep.org/-i-165.html.
Accessed Jun 15, 2015.
41. National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians Ani-
mal Contact Compendium Committee 2013. Compendium of
Measures to Prevent Disease Associated with Animals in Public
Settings, 2013. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013;243:1270–1288.
42. Bender JB, Shulman SA, Animals in Public Contact Subcommit-
tee of the National Association of State Public Health Veteri-
narians. Reports of zoonotic disease outbreaks associated with
animal exhibits and availability of recommendations for pre-
venting zoonotic disease transmission from animals to people
in such settings. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;224:1105–1109.
43. AVMA. Position on canine hybrids. Available at: www.avma.
org/KB/Policies/Pages/canine-hybrids.aspx. Accessed Jun 15,
2015.
44. Siino BS. Crossing the line: the case against hybrids. ASPCA
Animal Watch 2000;Winter:22–29.
45. Jay MT, Reilly KF, DeBess EE, et al. Rabies in a vaccinated wolf-
dog hybrid. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994;205:1729–1732.
46. Petersen BW, Tack DM, Longenberger A, et al. Rabies in cap-
tive deer, Pennsylvania, USA, 2007–2010. Emerg Infect Dis
2012;18:138–141.
47. Roebling AD, Johnson D, Blanton JD, et al. Rabies prevention
and management of cats in the context of trap-neuter-vaccine-
release programmes. Zoonoses Public Health 2014;61:290–296.
48. CDC. An imported case of rabies in an immunized dog. MMWR
Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1987;36:94–96.
49. CDC. Imported dog and cat rabies—New Hampshire, Califor-
nia. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1988;37:559–560.
50. Rabies vaccination requirements for dogs. 42 CFR §71.51(c).
51. CDC. Bringing a dog into the United States. Available at: www.
cdc.gov/animalimportation/dogs.html. Accessed Nov 25, 2015.
52. CDC. Frequently asked questions. Available at: www.cdc.gov/
animalimportation/lawsregulations/frequently-asked-questions.
html#Confinement. Accessed Nov 25, 2015.
53. National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians. Ra-
bies vaccination certificate. Available at: www.nasphv.org/
Documents/RabiesVacCert.pdf. Accessed Nov 25, 2015.
54. Global Alliance for Rabies Control. Rabies blueprint. Available
at: www.rabiesblueprint.com. Accessed Nov 25, 2015.
55. Rabies vaccine, killed virus. 9 CFR 113.209.
56. Greene CE. Immunoprophylaxis. In: Greene CE, ed. Infectious
diseases of the dog and cat. 3rd ed. London: Saunders Elsevier,
2006;1069–1119.
57. Willoughby RE. “Early death” and the contraindication of vac-
cine during rabies treatment. Vaccine 2009;27:7173–7177.
58. Hanlon CA, Niezgoda M, Rupprecht CE. Postexposure pro-
phylaxis for prevention of rabies in dogs. Am J Vet Res
2002;63:1096–1100.
59. Wilson PJ, Clark KA. Postexposure rabies prophylaxis proto-
col for domestic animals and epidemiologic characteristics of
rabies vaccination failures in Texas: 1995–1999. J Am Vet Med
Assoc 2001;218:522–525.
60. Wilson PJ, Oertli EH, Hunt PR, et al. Evaluation of a postexpo-
sure rabies prophylaxis protocol for domestic animals in Texas:
2000–2009. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010;237:1395–1401.
61. Mansfield K, McElhinney L, Hübschle O, et al. A molecular epi-
demiological study of rabies epizootics in kudu (Tragelaphus
strepsiceros) in Namibia. BMC Vet Res 2006;2:2–11.
62. Debbie JG, Trimarchi CV. Pantropism of rabies virus in free-rang-
ing rabid red fox (Vulpes fulva). J Wildl Dis 1970;6:500–506.
63. Fekadu M, Shaddock JH. Peripheral distribution of virus in
dogs inoculated with two strains of rabies virus. Am J Vet Res
1984;45:724–729.
64. Charlton KM. The pathogenesis of rabies and other lyssavi-