Microsoft Word - Grammar Planet 2 TG.docx

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Gr ammarPlanet2

Teacher’sGuide

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Unit1ArticleandNouns

Heistheking.

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Anounisaperson,place,thing,oridea.

Example:man,home,pencil,love

Often,weputanarticleinfrontofanoun.Therearetwokindsofarticles.

 Example:aman/theman

Sometimeswewanttotalkaboutanounas‘anyX’or‘someX’,

not‘thatoneX’.Then,weuseaoranin

frontofthenoun.Thismeans‘anyonething’.Weuseanfornounsthatstartwithavowel(ana,e,i,o,

oru)andanaforallothernouns.

 Example:Sallypicked

aflower./Sallypickedanorange.(Itcanbeanyflowerororange.)

Sometimes,though,wewanttotalkaboutanounas‘thatoneX’,notjust‘anyX’.Then,weusethein

frontofthenoun.Thismeans‘theonlyoneX’or‘onespecificX’.

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Example:thesky(thereisonlyonesky)/the smalldog(nototherdogs)

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Unit2SingularandPluralNouns

Theyarechildren.

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Rememberthatanounisaperson,place,thing,oridea.(SeeUnit1.)

Example:man,Toronto,pencil,love

Generally,nounscanbesingularorplural.Singularmeansthatthereisone,andpluralmeansthatthere

aretwoormore.

Formostnouns,thepluralformismadeby

adding‐stotheendofthenoun.

 Example:onepenciltwopencils/onebooktwobooks

Fornounsthatendin‐s,‐x,‐sh,or‐ch,‐esisaddedafterthenountomakethepluralform.

 Example:bustwobuses/

foxtwofoxes/peachtwopeaches

Fornounsthatendinaconsonant+y,replacetheywithiandadd‐es,

 Example:babybabies/ladyladies

Formostnounsthatendwithanf,replacethe

fwithavandadd ‐es.

 Example:leafleaves/calfcalves

Therearealsosomenounswithirregularpluralformsthatdo notendwith‐sor‐es.

 Example:mousemice/manmen/footfeet

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Unit3CountandNoncountNouns

Iwantsomebread.

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Rememberthatanounisaperson,place,thing,oridea.(SeeUnit2.)

Example:man,Toronto,pencil,love

Therearetwokindsofnouns:countandnoncount.

Countnounsarethingsthatwecancount(one,two,three).Countnounshaveaclearshapewitha

boundary;a

pencilhasaclearshape,butairdoesnot.So,airisanoncountnoun.

Allthethingsacountnounnamesareofonetypeandarebasicallythesame;pencilsareallmostlythe

same,buttherearemanykindsoffurniture.So,furnitureisanoncountnoun.

Countnounstakearticlesiftheyaresingular.Iftheyareplural,theyusuallyendin‐s.Rememberthat

somenounshaveirregularpluralforms(ex.,children,feet).

 Example:Ihaveahat./Ihavetwohats.

Noncountnounsdonottakearticlesanddonothaveplural

forms.Itdoesn’tmatterifthereisalittleor

alot,noncountnounsarealwayssingular.Sometimes,weusesomeinfrontofnoncountnouns.Here,

somemeans“alittle”.

 Example:Ihaverice./Ihavesomerice.

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Unit4There+Th e VerbBe

Therearekangaroos.

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WeuseThereis/aretosaythatsomethingisinacertainplaceorsimplythatitexists.

 Example:Thereissomeoneintheroom./Therearemanyproblems.

Thebeverbcanbeisifwearetalkingaboutasingularornoncountnoun.Whenwearetalking

abouta

pluralnoun,thebeverbhastheformare.

 Example:Thereisakangaroo./Thereiswater./Therearekangaroos.

Weoftenuseprepositions(likein,on,at,etc.)withthereis/aretosaywheresomethingis.

 Example:Thereisaballonthe

table.

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Unit5Th eVerbBe:Affirmativ e andNegative

She'snotasinger.

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Inthepresenttense,beverbischangedtoam,are,orisaccordingtothesubject,asfollows.

Iam  Example:Iamastudent.

you,we,theyare Example:Youaregood.

he,she,itis Example:Theyarestudents.

Thebeverbcan

befollowedbyanoun,anadjective,etc.

 Example:Sheisastudent.Sheissmart.

Tomakeasentencenegative,pu tnotafterthebeverb.Noticethatwecanuseapostrophes.

 Example: Iamnotadancer.I’mnotadancer./XIamn’ta

dancer.

Sheisnotadancer.Sheisn’tadancer.

Theyarenotdancers.Theyaren’tdancers.

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Unit6Th eVerbBe:Yes/NoQuestions

Areyouateacher?

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Toformasimplepresentyes/noquestionwithbeverb,movethebeverbtoinfrontofthesubject.

Example:Areyouastudent?/Issheastudent?

Answerthiskindofyes/noquestionwithyesorno,followedbythesubjectandbe

verb(+not).Notice

thatwecanuseapostrophes.Wecannotuseapostropheswithpositiveanswers,though.

 Example: Yes,Iam./XYes,I’m./No,I’mnot./XNo,Iamn’t.

Yes,youare./XYes,you’re./No,youaren’t.

Yes,she

is./XYes,she’s./No,sheisn’t.

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Unit7SimplePresent:Affirma tive

Hegetsupatseveneveryday.

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Simplepresenttenseisusedtotalkaboutthingsthataregenerallytrueandarenotlikelytochange

soon.

Example:IliveinCanada.(Iamnotgoingtomovesoon.)

Insimplepresenttense,theverbchangesitsformaccordingtothesubject.Inthecaseofa

thirdperson

singularsubject(She/He/It),‐s/‐esisaddedtotheendoftheverb.

Example:Iworkatabank,andmybrotherworksatahospital.

Therearesomerulesforformingthird‐personverbsinthesimplepresent.

(1) Mostverbs(speak)

add‐s(Hespeaksquickly.)

(2) Verbsendingin‐y(cry)change‐yto‐ies(Shecriesallthetime.)

(3) Verbsendingin‐ywithavowelbeforethey(play)add‐s(HeplayssocceronSaturdays.)

(4) Verbsendingin‐ss,‐x,‐sh

,‐ch(fix)add‐es(ShefixesTVs.)

(5) Irregularverbs(go,do,have)(goes,does,has)

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Unit8SimplePresent:Negative

Shedoesn’thaveahat.

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Rememberthatsimplepresentisusedtotalkaboutthingsthataregenerallytrueandwillnotchange

soon.(SeeUnit7.)Formostverbs,weadd‐sifthesubjectishe/she/it.(Remember,too,thatthere

aresomeirregularverbs.)

Example:Igetupearly.

/Shegetsupearly.

Inthepresenttense,negativestatementshavetheformsubject+do+not+verb.Wealwaysusebase

verbs.Noticethatwecanuseapostrophes.

 Example:Wedonotgetupearly./Wedon’tgetupearly.

Ifthesubjectis

he/she/it,usedoes.Forallothersubjects,usedo.

Example:Shedoesnothaveacar./Wedonothaveacar.

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Unit9SimplePresent:Yes/No Que stion s 

Doyouhaveacat?



Rememberweusesimplepresenttotalkaboutthingsthataregenerallyoralwaystrue.

Thisunitfocusesonformingyes/noquestionsinsimplepresent.Onlyaffirmativequestionsare

covered.

Forsimplepresentyes/noquestions,putDoandDoesinfrontofthesubject.Noticeth at

themain

verbdoesn’tchange.

Example:Doeshelikeit?

Ifthesubjectishe,she,orituseDoes.ForallothersubjectsuseDo.

Example:Doyoulikeit?/Doeshelikeit?

Answerthesekindsofquestionswithyesorno,followedbythesubjectand

do(not)ordoes(not).

Noticethatwecanuseapostrophes.

Example: Doyoulikeit?Yes,Ido./No,Idonot.(No,Idon’t.)

Doeshelikeit?Yes,hedoes./No,hedoesnot.(No,hedoesn’t.)





Unit10PresentContinuous:Affirmative

He'sdancing.



Weusethepresentcontinuoustensetotalkabou t whatishappeningnoworaroundnow.Theformis

subject+beverb+V+‐ing.Dependingonthesubject,thebeverbtakestheformam,are,andis.The

mainverbalwaysendsin‐ing.



Formostverbs,wejustadd‐ingto theendoftheverbtomakethepresentprogressiveform.

 Example:Iamstudying./Heisspeaking.(Thesethingsarehappeningrightnow.)

However,iftheverbendswithconsonant‐vowel‐consonant(ex.,sit),wedoubletheconsonant

before

adding‐ing.

Example: sitSheissittingonthebench.

runWe’rerunning.

Iftheverbendsinaconsonantfollowedbyan‐e(ex.,dance),wereplacethe‐ewith‐ing.

Example: danceHeisdancing.



Unit11PresentContinuous:Negative

We’renotmoving.



Rememberthatpresentcontinuousisaboutthingsthatarehappeningrightnoworaroundnow.(See

Unit10.)

 Example:He’sreadingabook.

Presentcontinuoushastheformsubject+beverb+V‐ing.Thebe‐verbisam,are,orisdependingon

thesubject.

 Example:I

amreading./Youarereading./Heisreading.

Tomakepresentcontinuoussentencesnegative,putnotafterthebeverb.Noticethatwecanuse

apostrophes.Thisisverycommon.

 Example:Iamnotstudying./Heisn’tspeaking.



Unit12PresentContinuous:Yes/NoQuestions

Areyoudancing?



Inyes/noquestionsinpresentcontinuous,thebeverbisinfrontofthesubject.Therestoftheverb

(the‐ingpart)staysafterthesubject.

 Example: Areyoustudying?/Ishespeaking?

Answerthiskindofquestionwithyesornofollowedbysubject+

beverb(+not).Noticethatwecanuse

apostropheswithnegativeanswers.

Example: Yes,Iam./X Yes,I’m./No,Iamnot./No,I’mnot./XNo,Iamn’t.

Yes,youare./XYes,you’re./No,youarenot./No,you

aren’t.

Yes,heis./XYes,he’s./No,heisnot./No,heisn’t.



Unit13Adjectives

Theyareslow.



Adjectivesgivemoreinformationtodescribenouns.Theyanswerthequestion“Whatkind?”

Example:manstrong/tall/handsome/short/old

Adjectivescanoccurinfrontofthenounstheydescribe.Thesingularformisa+adjective+noun,and

thepluralformisadjective

+pluralnoun.

 Example: Heisastrongman. 

Theyarecutecats.

Adjectivescanalsooccurbehindlinkingverbs(ex.,be,become,look,seem,smell,taste,etc.).Thislesson

focusesonthelinkingverbbe.

Example: Themanisstrong.

Thecatsarecute.

Wecan

makethiskindofsentencenegativebyputtingnot afterthebeverb.Notice howwecanuse

apostrophes.

 Example: Thebikesarenotslow./Thebikesaren’tslow.



Unit14Comparatives

It’sbiggerthanyou.



Comparativesareusedtocomparetwothings.Wecancomparewithadjectives(ex.,larger),adverbs

(ex.,morebeautifully),andnouns(ex.,moretoys).Thisunitfocusesoncomparativeadjectives.Theform

issubject+verb+adjectivecomparison+than+comparisonobject.

 Example:Thisoneislarger

thanthatone.

Generally,therearetwoformsofcomparativeadjectives.Shortadjectives(thosewithonlyoneortwo

syllables)formcomparativesbyadding‐er.Ifthe yendinay(ex.,pretty),weremovetheyandadd‐ier.

Iftheadjectiveendsinconsonant‐vowel‐consonant

(ex.,big),wedoublethelastconsonantandadd‐er.

 Example:smallsmaller,prettyprettier,bigbigger

Longeradjectives(thosethathavethreeormoresyllables)formcomparativesbyaddingmoreinfront.

Noticethatthesecomparativeadjectivesdonotendiner.

 Example:

intelligentmoreintelligent,Xintelligenter,Xmoreintelligenter

Therearesomeothershortadjectivesthatformcomp arativeswithmore.Theseareadjectivesthatend

in‐ful,‐less,‐ive,or‐ous'.

 Example:expensivemoreexpensive,Xmoreexpensiver

(Thispointisnotcoveredinthis

unit,butmaycomeup.)Thereareafewadjectives(especiallygoodand

bad)thatformcomparativeswithirregularforms.

 Example:goodbetter,badworse



Unit15Imperatives 

Donottouchit.



Animperativeisacommand—aninstruction—todosomethingornottodosomething.

 Example:Sitdown./Don’tsitdown.

Inaffirmativeimperatives,thebaseverbisatthestart ofthesentence.Theverbisalwaysinthebase

form.Thesubjectisleftout.(Insomecases,we

canput‘you’asasubject.However,thissoundsvery

strong!)

 Example:Bequiet.(Youbequiet!)/XArequiet.

Inthecaseofnegativeimperatives,do+notcomesbeforetheverb.Itiscommontouseanapostrophe.

Example:Donotstandup./Don’tstandup.



Unit16InformationQuestions

Whatareyoueating?



Weuseinformationquestions(alsocalledwh‐questions)toaskforspecificinformation.These

questionsstartwithwh‐questionpronouns,suchaswho,when,what,where,how,andwhy.

Thisunitfocusesoninformationquestionsinpresentcontinuoustense.

Sometimesthewh‐questionpronounisthesubject.Thesequestions

havetheformwh‐question

pronoun+beverb+V‐ing?

Example:Whoiseating?(Whoisthesubjectofthequestion.)

Inothercases,thewh‐questionpronounisanobject.Thesequestionshavetheformwh‐question

pronoun+beverb+subject+V‐ing?

Example:WhatisPauleating?(Paulisthesubjectofthequestion.Whatistheob ject.)

Dependingonthesubject,thebeverbchangestoam,are,oris.

 Example:WhatamIeating?/Whatisheeating?/Whataretheyeating?

Answerthesequestionswith

astatement,notwithyesorno.

