Students Gobernment Association

InSight: RIVIER ACADEMIC JOURNAL, VOLUME 14, NUMBER 1, FALL 2018

ISSN 1559-9388 (online version), ISSN 1559-9396 (CD-ROM version).

Abstract

There are a number of framework technologies which can be used to develop web applications. But

since the web applications are getting more complex over time, the frameworks that can used to develop

them should also be advanced to handle the complex requirements. This project walks us thorough

Struts framework, which is one of most popular and used web application frameworks. The project was

part of the final project implemented for CS699 “Professional Seminar in Computer Science” course

which is based on the research on Struts framework and a web application which was developed based

on Struts. This article summaries the benefits of using Struts framework in web application, its

comparison with LAMP technology, drawbacks of Struts and finally, the web application which was

developed following the software development steps.

1 Introduction

Struts is a complete web framework, provides complete web form components, validator,

internalization, error handling, tiles layout, low learning curve and easy to implement it. It is an open

source software that helps developers build web applications quickly and easily. Struts combines Java

Servlets, Java Server Pages, custom tags, and message resources into a unified framework. It is a

cooperative, synergistic platform suitable for development teams, independent developers, and everyone

in between.

And J2EE is actually a collection of technologies and APIs for the Java platform designed

to support "enterprise" applications which can generally be classed as large-scale, distributed,

transactional and highly-available applications designed to support mission-critical business

requirements.

MVC (Model View Controller), on the other hand, is a design pattern which separates the

representation of information from the user's interaction with it. The model contains the business logic

and interacts with the persistent storage to store, retrieve and manipulate data. The view is responsible

for displaying the results back to the user. In Struts the view layer is implemented using JSP. The

controller handles all the request from the user and selects the appropriate view to return. And the

controller's job is done by the ActionServlet.

1.1 How does Struts work?

Apache Struts implements the MVC/Layers pattern using ActionForwards and ActionMappings to keep

control-flow decisions out of the presentation layer. When the Client browser issues an HTTP request,

the ActionServlet receives the request. Then after struts-config.xml file contains the details regarding the

Actions, ActionForms, ActionMappings and ActionForwards. During the startup, the ActionServlet

n.d. Apache Struts - Welcome to the Apache Struts Project. struts.apache.org.

1997. DZone. Accessed October 20, 2018. http://www.dzone.com/tutorials/css/struts.

2000. FYIcenter. Accessed November 10, 2018. http://dev.fyicenter.com.

SOCIAL NETWORKING WEB APPLICATION USING STRUTS

FRAMEWORK

Saroj Maharjan*

Student, M.S./Computer Science Program, Rivier University

Saroj Maharjan

reads the struts-config.xml file and creates a database of configuration objects. Later while processing

the request, the ActionServlet decides by referring to this object.

LAMP suite is another the technology that I learned in my undergraduate Internet Programming

course. LAMP is an acronym for a solution stack of free, open source software, originally coined from

the first letter of Linux (operating system), Apache HTTP Server, MySQL (database software) and PHP.

1.2 Why I chose Struts?

I decided to use Struts to develop my web application, which is very different from LAMP suite because

after learning about struts, I found that it would be very beneficial working with it for my project with its

many helpful features. The Struts framework resides in the web-tier. Struts applications are hosted by a

web container and can make use of services provided by the container, such as handling requests via

HTTP and HTTPS protocols which lets developers focus on building applications that solve business

problems. In Struts properties files are used for storing all variables so that the application has no hard

coding.

Suppose a web application has a large scope and acts with several JSPs. Since large volumes of

requests and responses to/from server, the controller becomes very complicated. In that case, Struts

makes it easier. Struts has an in-built servlet (Action servlet) that takes care of these and controls the

navigational flow, reducing the overhead and making the job simpler, which was very beneficial for the

project.

Struts follows a well-defined order, and every programmer must follow that order. There is a

particular servlet as a controller in which every request goes through, in the same way the Struts

framework provides a way in which they implicitly define all that controller functionality, we don't have

to care about that. Struts combines with JSP, Servlets, custom tag, message resource, and action classes,

so the end result is a synergistic platform, which makes developing web applications easier and reduces

the number of developers. It is also easy to troubleshoot whenever an error occurs, and with its tag

library, we can easily create JSPs.

In a simple web application, we can use PHP and implement their SQL queries and the business

logics directly in the HTML document. The source code looks like following example:

<html>

<head>

<title>Sample Title</title>

</head>

<body> <someScript> dbConnection = openDBConnection(someDB) resultSet =

dbConnection.executeQuery('select bookName from books') loop over resultSet{

print (resultSet.field('bookName') + ' ') } </someScript>

</body>

</html>

It is convenient in small projects or projects with less coding. But, in real world, suppose we have

more than 100 code or dialogs, many database queries in this dialog and we want to define a field status,

Ibid.

1997. DZone. Accessed October 20, 2018. http://www.dzone.com/tutorials/css/struts.

n.d. Apache Struts - Welcome to the Apache Struts Project. struts.apache.org.

SOCIAL NETWORKING WEB APPLICATION USING STRUTS FRAMEWORK

setting if a field is deleted or not. To alter functions and database queries easily, we should separate

these from the dialogs. Struts separates the dialogs and business logic (functionality). It helps with

changes on the functionality, without working in the dialogs and easier to maintain an application with

better overview, which was very helpful.

Another helpful feature for the project was the Struts Mapping. Struts values/mapping is

represented in XML or property files. The loose coupling means that many changes can be made

without modifying or recompiling Java code and that wholesale changes can be made by editing a single

file.

This approach also lets Java and Web developers like us to focus on their specific tasks

(implementing business logic, presenting certain values to clients, etc.) without needing to know about

the overall system layout, which would have been very difficult if I had done with the LAMP suite.

Struts has many other helpful capabilities. If I did not want to translate a dialog, I can put the dialog

texts directly into the JSP File. For example, we have a sample code in JSP as:

<html:form action="someAction">

Please give your name and the book title

Name: <html:text property="name"/>

Title: <html:text property="title"/>

<html:submit/>

</html:form>

Struts support resources files. In this file we can define a key for a text like:

bookDialog.formIntro=Please give your name and the title of the book.

bookDialog.inputName=Name:

bookDialog.bookTitle=Title:(Apache Software Foundation)

This key can be used to display the text in the JSP file, which is very helpful.

<html:form action=“someAction”>

<bean:message key=“bookDialog.formIntro”/>

<bean:message key=“bookDialog.inputName”/>

<html:text property=“name”/>

<bean:message key=“bookDialog.bookTitle”/>

<html:text property=“title”/>

<html:submit/>

</html:form>

Struts also saves error messages in the business logic and can display this in the dialogs. We can

show all errors or bind an error to a field and show the error beside of it. The error messages are added

to the resource files, so the errors can be internationalized too. Struts supports a complete solution to

validate form fields, such as a valid date, an email, a number, or anything else, so it is very much helpful

in web development. I only had to define which form field will be checked and which error message will

1997. DZone. Accessed October 20, 2018. http://www.dzone.com/tutorials/css/struts.

n.d. Apache Struts - Welcome to the Apache Struts Project. struts.apache.org.

Ibid.

Saroj Maharjan

be displayed. Struts also uses the Front Controller and Command patterns which can handle

sophisticated controller logic. In addition to the core controller function, it has many add-on benefits

such as layouts with Tiles, declarative exception handling, and internationalization.

I found LAMP suite technology and Struts differs in many ways. In my previous Internet

Programming course, we used LAMP to create HTML or PHP pages managed by the SQL database.

The dialogs and their functionalities were connected. So, if we needed to change or delete certain

dialogs, we had to change all other functionalities related to it. Also, it doesn’t have features like error

handling, validation, resource files, etc., which make developers spend a lot of time working on those

things. Thus, I found working with Struts and J2EE was much easier than LAMP suite, in a way that it

provides developers with very helpful features, as I mentioned above, that help developers for an

efficient and quick web application development.

2. A Social Networking Web Application - ConnectRivier

Here’s an overview of the application. Users must register before using ‘ConnectRivier’ after which

they can create their profile. The profile can be created with lists of personal interests, contact

information, and other information. Users can share their ideas, note or pictures on their profile, which

are also visible to other users. ‘ConnectRivier’ has search functionality, which will autocomplete by

displaying a list of similar users as the user types in. The user will be able to search for other users,

check their profile and add them to their friend list. A user can also change their profile details if he/she

wants to. If a user doesn’t want to use ‘ConnectRivier’ anymore, he/she can completely delete their

account. All the user information will be securely stored in the database.

3. Functional Specification

A functional specification is documentation that describes the requested behavior of an engineering

system. The documentation typically describes what is needed by the system user as well as the

requested properties of inputs and outputs.

It picks up the results of the requirement analysis stage.

Here is the functional specification of this project:

3.1 The System Functionality

The application shall provide the following functionality for all users:

• User should be able to sign up using the user details

• User should be able to sign in using the correct user credentials and sign out once done

• User should be redirected to the login page in case of incorrect username or password

• User should have the option if the password is forgotten

• User should be able to view/edit his profile information

• User should be able to search for friends and add him/her as a friend

• User should have the option to delete his account

• User should be able to post text, photo or video

• User should have the option to view post from all his friends

2000. FYIcenter. Accessed November 10, 2018. http://dev.fyicenter.com.

n.d. LucidChart. Accessed November 10, 2018. https://www.lucidchart.com.

SOCIAL NETWORKING WEB APPLICATION USING STRUTS FRAMEWORK

3.2 Use Case Diagram

Use case diagrams allow the analyst to model the interaction of an information system and its

environment. The environment of an information system includes both the end user and an external

system that interacts with the information system.

Figure 1: Use Case Diagram for ConnectRivier

The use case diagram for ConnectRivier has various use cases as shown in Fig. 1. Here, the actors

are users who use the application, whereas admin are able to manage and delete the user accounts. Some

of the use cases are user registration, email verification, login, log out, manage the account, delete the

account, write a post, go to dashboard, search user, add and delete a friend.

3.3 Class Diagram

Class diagrams are one of the most useful types of diagrams in UML as they clearly map out the

structure of a particular system by modeling its classes, attributes, operations, and relationships between

objects.

Ibid.

n.d. LucidChart. Accessed November 10, 2018. https://www.lucidchart.com.

Saroj Maharjan

Figure 2a: Class Diagram for classes in Dao package

The class diagram in Fig. 2a shows the structure and relationship between classes within the Dao

package. ‘Dao’ package contains the classes which are used to connect, read and write to the database.

Figure 2b: Class Diagram for classes within Dao and Entity package

SOCIAL NETWORKING WEB APPLICATION USING STRUTS FRAMEWORK

The class diagram in Fig. 2b shows the structure and relationship between classes within Dao and

Entity package. The Entity package contains the POJO (Plain Old Java Object) classes which are the

entities used in the application.

Figure 3: Class Diagram for classes within Dao and service package

The class diagram in Fig. 3 shows the structure and relationship between classes within Dao and

service package. Service package contains the classes that make service calls to the database for POJO

classes.

Saroj Maharjan

Figure 4: Class Diagram for classes within Dao, service and action package

The class diagram in Fig. 4 shows the structure and relationship between classes within Dao,

service and action package. Classes within action package perform actions for form and service classes.

Service package contains the classes that make service calls to the database for POJO classes.

3.4 Sequence Diagram

Sequence diagram specifically focuses on lifelines or the processes and objects that live simultaneously,

and the messages exchanged between them to perform a function before the lifeline ends.

n.d. LucidChart. Accessed November 10, 2018. https://www.lucidchart.com.

SOCIAL NETWORKING WEB APPLICATION USING STRUTS FRAMEWORK

Figure 5: Sequence Diagram of Registration and Login Process

The sequence diagram in Fig. 5 shows the registration and login process in sequence. Here, the user

goes sequence of actions before logging into the application. If the user has not signed up of the

application, the user can do so with his/her details. The details will be properly saved into the database.

Further, if the user enters correct user credentials, then he will be directed to the home page. Otherwise,

an error message will be shown. If the user forgets the password, a temporary password will be provided

once the user enters the valid email id.

Saroj Maharjan

Figure 6: Sequence Diagram for Creating a Post

The sequence diagram in Fig. 6 shows the sequence of actions required for creating a post. The user

needs to first go to ‘new post’ page, then select for the type of post he wants to create. After the post has

been created, the user also needs to type his/her password for verification. If the correct password is

entered, the post will be published. Otherwise, an error message will be shown.

SOCIAL NETWORKING WEB APPLICATION USING STRUTS FRAMEWORK

Figure 7: Sequence Diagram for Managing the Account

The sequence diagram in Fig. 7 shows the sequence of actions required for managing the account.

The user first needs to go to the settings page, where his information can be edited or he can change his

password. If the information is provided in the correct format, then those are saved into the database and

are reflected in the profile page. If the user wished to delete his account, then he can select the ‘delete

account’ option and enter his password. If the information is correct, then the account will be

permanently deleted from the databases. Otherwise, an error message will be displayed.

3.5 Activity Diagram

An activity diagram is essentially a flowchart that shows activities performed by a system.

Saroj Maharjan

Figure 8: Activity Diagram of ConnectRivier

The activity diagram in Fig. 8 shows various activities users can perform in the application after

successfully logging in a before logging out.

4. System Design Specifications

4.1 Architecture Diagram

Figure 9: Architecture Diagram of ConnectRivier

SOCIAL NETWORKING WEB APPLICATION USING STRUTS FRAMEWORK

Figure 9 shows the architecture diagram of ConnectRivier application which is based on the Struts

framework. Since Struts is based on MVC framework, here model contains all the business logic and

interaction with the database, the view contains the JSP and HTML pages, and controller handles all the

requests form the user which is done by ActionServlet. Struts-config.xml file contains the details

regarding the Actions, ActionForms, ActionMappings and ActionForwards. During the application

startup, the ActionServlet reads the struts-config.xml file and creates a database of configuration objects.

Later while processing the request, the ActionServlet decides by referring to this object.

4.2 Deployment Diagram

Figure 10: Deployment Diagram of ConnectRivier

ConnectRivier is deployed using the tomcat web server which runs as struts application within the

application server. It uses MySQL Server for the JDBC connection (see Fig. 10).

Saroj Maharjan

4.3 Package Diagram

Figure 11: Package Diagram of ConnectRivier

Figure 11 shows the package diagram of ConnectRivier and the dependencies of the packages. The

following packages have been used: resources, entity, form, db.dao, db.service, action, and

searchEngine. Other packages are in-built from the struts and servlets framework.

5. Programming environment and tools

As the development environment, I used Eclipse IDE, Java/J2EE, JSP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and

Ajax to create web pages. And for the database, I used MySQL, which is connected using Java Database

Connectivity (JDBC) method. I used the Windows platform with Tomcat v7.0 as my server. In

summary, the following tools have been used:

• IDE - Eclipse JEE 2018-09

• Language - Java 8

• Database - MySQL

• Framework - Struts, Servlet

• Cloud Server - Amazon Web Services (AWS)

• Tools - LucidChart, GitHub.

6. Unit/Module Tests, Integration Tests and Functional Tests

Various test cases including unit tests, integration tests and functional tests were created and tested in

the application. The results showed that all of the test cases had passed.

7. Prototype and Demonstration

The ‘ConnectRivier’ project was presented in the class of CS699 “Professional Seminar in Computer

Science” (Instructor: Dr. Vladimir Riabov) on November 28, 2018. It included the demonstration of the

application with its features. Below (see Figs. 12-18) are screenshots of various pages from the

application.

SOCIAL NETWORKING WEB APPLICATION USING STRUTS FRAMEWORK

Figure 12: Welcome page

Figure 13: User Profile page

Saroj Maharjan

Figure 14: Home page

Figure 15: Account Settings page

SOCIAL NETWORKING WEB APPLICATION USING STRUTS FRAMEWORK

Figure 16: Creating a Post page

Figure 17: Forgot Password page

Saroj Maharjan

Figure 18: Searching for Friends

8. Drawbacks of Using Struts

Some of the drawbacks that I found while using Struts over Lamp are that Struts was harder to learn,

benchmark and optimize than LAMP suite. Also, to use MVC with Struts, first I had to be comfortable

with the standard JSP and servlet APIs and a large and elaborate framework that is almost equal in size

to the core system. And I also sometimes found it was difficult to debug with the various .xml files that

Struts relies on. Also, some JSP tags were slightly confusing. Whereas, on the other hand, developing

web pages using Lamp technology, took me less time to understand all the basic operations. Using

LAMP, it was easy to code with PHP and MySQL, easy to deploy the PHP app, and once we have got

MySQL running, we can simply upload our PHP files. It could be developed locally and had a cheap and

ubiquitous hosting. It was easy to code and has an easy deployment. And there was a smaller number of

errors, which could be handled easily.

9. Things I Learnt

The things that I learned from this project are that learning other resources besides the course study are

really helpful and are also applicable in real-world. Before doing something we have to set a goal or

plan and finally I got a chance to learn many new technologies such as JSP, struts and how to integrate

and also create a dynamic web application using J2EE tools. Few problems that I encountered during the

experience were, at first it took me a lot of time to learn the new design framework, so I had to manage

the time wisely, simple errors in coding caused the whole system to crash, and I had some issues while

setting up the server and connecting my local database. As the solution, I found that eclipse is really

helpful with debugging. Also, the struts is very user-friendly with building web applications.

10. Conclusions

The overall project experience was great: I learnt a lot about Struts methodology and applied it and

many other technologies successfully to develop my own ConnectRivier application. Though there were

many challenges while starting to build the application, I found Struts really helpful in creating web

applications. It was a great learning experience with bug fixing and setting up the environment in AWS.

Overall, I am glad that it turned out the way that I had anticipated I would be.

SOCIAL NETWORKING WEB APPLICATION USING STRUTS FRAMEWORK

11. References

1. C. Lei, "Software Project Management Based on Struts Architecture," In Proceedings of the 2015

International Conference on Intelligent Transportation, Big Data & Smart City (ICITBS), Halong

Bay, Vietnam, 2015, pp. 733-736. doi:10.1109/ICITBS.2015.185

2. n.d. Apache Struts - Welcome to the Apache Struts Project. http://struts.apache.org.

3. 1997. DZone. Accessed October 20, 2018. http://www.dzone.com/tutorials/css/struts.

4. 2000. FYIcenter. Accessed November 10, 2018. http://dev.fyicenter.com.

5. n.d. Learn Servlet Tutorial - Javatpoint. Accessed October 20, 2018. www.javatpoint.com/servlet-

tutorial.

6. n.d. LucidChart. Accessed October 20, 2018. https://www.lucidchart.com.

7. Mkyong. 2010. Struts Tutorial. May 2. Accessed November 10, 2018.

www.mkyong.com/tutorials/struts-tutorials/.

___________________

Saroj Maharjan is an international student from Nepal and has completed the master’s degree from Rivier University in

fall 2018 with a major in Computer Science. Saroj earned his undergraduate degree from Truman State University, with a

major in Computer Science and minor in Mathematics. He has been working as a software engineer for almost four and a

half years. Currently, he is working for Persivia Inc., which is located in Marlborough, MA. Learning new skills and

implementing the acquired knowledge to develop useful tools have always been his passion. With all the knowledge and

experience Saroj gained throughout his Rivier journey and working professionally for almost half a decade drove him

towards the passion for achieving his goals.