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Liquid-handling Lego robots and experiments
for STEM education and research
Lukas C. Gerber
1
, Agnes Calasanz-Kaiser
2
, Luke Hyman
3
, Kateryna Voitiuk
4
, Uday Patil
5
,
Ingmar H. Riedel-Kruse
1
*
1 Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America, 2 Isaac
Newton Graham Middle School, Mountain View, California, United States of America, 3 MYP Dresden
International School, Dresden, Germany, 4 University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United
States of America, 5 Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
Abstract
Liquid-handling robots have many applications for biotechnology and the life sciences,
with increasing impact on everyday life. While playful robotics such as Lego Mindstorms
significantly support education initiatives in mechatronics and programming, equivalent
connections to the life sciences do not currently exist. To close this gap, we developed
Lego-based pipetting robots that reliably handle liquid volumes from 1 ml down to the sub-
μl range and that operate on standard laboratory plasticware, such as cuvettes and multi-
well plates. These robots can support a range of science and chemistry experiments for
education and even research. Using standard, low-cost household consumables, pro-
gramming pipetting routines, and modifying robot designs, we enabled a rich activity
space. We successfully tested these activities in afterschool settings with elementary,
middle, and high school students. The simplest robot can be directly built from the widely
used Lego Education EV3 core set alone, and this publication includes building and experi-
ment instructions to set the stage for dissemination and further development in education
and research.
Robotics and automation significantly advance the life sciences, e.g., via academic, indus-
trial, and pharmaceutical liquid-handling robots [1,2] and open source approaches [3].
Consequently, formal and informal education must convey these concepts. The Next Gener-
ation Science Standards (NGSS) and other national initiatives promote cross-disciplinary
approaches for science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) learning [4,5]. Many
engaging and successful educational approaches to robotics exist, such as Lego Mindstorms
or the FIRST Robotics Competition [6–11]. Naturally, these activities foremost focus on
mechanical engineering, computer programming, and soft skills like teamwork. To a lesser
extent, they are used to support experiments in Natural Science and Math education [12].
Crucially, integration of equivalent robotics approaches with the life sciences and chemistry
for K–12 and college education are lacking, hence we expect significant value in bridging
this gap.
PLOS Biology | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2001413 March 21, 2017 1 / 9
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OPEN ACCESS
Citation: Gerber LC, Calasanz-Kaiser A, Hyman L,
Voitiuk K, Patil U, Riedel-Kruse IH (2017) Liquid-
handling Lego robots and experiments for STEM
education and research. PLoS Biol 15(3):
e2001413. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pbio.2001413
Published: March 21, 2017
Copyright: © 2017 Gerber et al. This is an open
access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original
author and source are credited.
Funding: NSF (grant number 1324753). The funder
had no role in study design, data collection and
analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the
manuscript. NSF (grant number 1638070). The
funder had no role in study design, data collection
and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of
the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared
that no competing interests exist.
Abbreviations: IRB, institutional review board;
NGSS, Next Generation Science Standards; stdev,
standard deviation; STEM, science, technology,
engineering, and math.
Provenance: Not commissioned; externally peer
reviewed.