Playful Writing

Building stories together to inspire

young writers: a teacher handbook

David Whitebread and Marisol Basilio

Introduction

Let’s think about what writing a story demands. The

young writer needs to plan the process, perhaps develop

an outline of the text beforehand, and continuously

monitor his or her progress by revising the text while

writing. When we look at writing this way, it is easier

to understand how this is a dicult skill for children to

master. Indeed, children who struggle with turning ideas

into sentences can feel alienated from the learning

process and develop negative attitudes towards their

own abilities to write. In such cases, fostering motivation

is crucial and approaching writing playfully could be the

answer to keeping children engaged.

Research nds that providing a playful context where

children can freely re-enact and develop a known

story results in signicantly better-structured and

more creative stories using the same characters, than

a context where children follow adult-led activities

(Whitebread & Jameson, 2010).

This handbook is a product of the Play Learning

and Narrative Skills (PLaNS) project, which aimed

to develop a playful learning approach to improve

5-10 year olds’ narrative and writing skills, as well

as to investigate the potential impact of this playful

approach on children’s learning. This is known

as a ‘proof-of-concept’ study, in which a new

methodology is designed, implemented, and tested

on a small-scale. The PLaNS project came together

as a collaborative eort between the Faculty of

Education and three Primary Schools in Cambridge,

UK, from March 2013 to June 2015. The project was

supported by the LEGO Foundation.

Introduction

The approach used in the PLaNS project gives children

control over their learning process in a manner that is

fun, hands-on and engaging, while giving the necessary

instructional support through the design of activities

and explicit learning objectives. Based on research

on children’s writing and development, the teachers

designed and implemented pretence and construction

play activities that supported the writing, storytelling,

creativity and collaboration skills of primary students

in Year 1, 3 and 5. Over the course of a full academic

year, the teachers tried out new activities in their

classrooms and met regularly with the research team.

The purpose of this handbook is to share the playful

pedagogy that emerged from the PLaNS project: an

approach based on previous scientic evidence as well

as tried out in real classrooms.

In this handbook, you will nd key elements of the

PLaNS ethos, underpinning research and resources

that you can use to try this approach in practice. We

hope that these ideas may serve as inspiration for

unleashing teachers’ creativity and develop further

playful learning activities to support children’s writing.

You can see the teachers and children in action, and

meet the researchers, in the PLaNS project video by

copying this weblink into your browser:

https://vimeo.com/142506730

The LEGO Foundation

Children have more ideas to write

“I think, because they had a short task at the

beginning which was playful – building with LEGO

they then were a lot more on track with the writing

because they had a time to give their brain a break…

So when it actually came to the writing after, they

were a lot more engaged, a lot more motivated.”

(Year 1 teacher)

“Actually (those children that you know are weaker

in the writing skills) had the most brilliant ideas and

seeing the self-esteem and the kudos that they get

from other people around them, is worth so much…”

(Year 3 teacher)

Children have better social skills

“I think it supported their collaborative skills. I

mean the ones whose personalities might not lend

themselves to collaborative work, they have worked

brilliantly, including some of the SEN children. It has

helped them with their social skills, and their turn

taking and their risk taking”.

(Year 3 teacher)

When looking back on the introduction of playful writing

activities in their classrooms, the participating teachers

saw a number of changes among children:

Children are more focused and engaged

“When they’re working or writing and they haven’t

got the model, they tend to talk about completely

random things that aren’t really related. But when

they were doing the LEGO modelling, talk was much

more relevant because it was all about the story,

rather than what they did at the weekend.”

(Year 1 Teacher)

“(The playful approach) took away some of the

stuness or the fear factor of having to write a

longer piece of writing, that they have to do every

week…I think it showed them that actually it can be

quite enjoyable.”

(Year 3 teacher)

“The enthusiasm they have to write, was massive

when anything to do with the LEGO. (...) That

frequent high level of motivation towards writing

just created a more positive feeling around the idea

of writing. So that children were then happier to

write.”

(Year 5 teacher)

The LEGO Foundation

Table of contents

Supporting writing skills through guided play • 6

The PLaNS approach: using research in practice • 8

PLaNS lesson planning • 10

Background on the PLaNS project • 14

References • 16

Inspiration and resources • 18

Credits • 46

Supporting writing skills through guided play

Let us unpack what children do when writing

The young writer needs to master the conventions for

writing a particular type of text (e.g. a letter is dierent

from a story), and needs to keep information in mind

such as the target audience, and an appropriate tone.

He or she needs to plan the process, perhaps develop

an outline of the text beforehand, and continuously

monitor his or her progress by revising the text.

Of course, the young writer needs to remember

and retrieve the content of the writing piece and

continuously think up new ideas. Then comes the

process of converting those ideas into words and then

transcribe the words onto paper or a screen, drawing

on his or her knowledge about how to form letters

and how to spell. Finally, the writer must evaluate the

written work against expectations and edit it, making

appropriate changes and corrections.

Retrieving and keeping information in mind, planning,

evaluating and revising a text draws on children’s

metacognitive skills, or the ability to control and

develop knowledge about one’s own thinking. If we

think of producing a written text as a problem-solving

task, rather than simply putting words on a page, then

children need to apply and hone their metacognitive

abilities in order to master writing (Hacker, Keener, &

Kircher, 2009).

Next are transcription or handwriting skills. These are

particularly important for young writers. If these skills

are not fully automatized, a lot of the child’s attention

is absorbed in physically writing a text. This leaves little

mental room for other key processes noted above,

such as planning and revising (Graham & Harris, 2000).

Supporting writing skills

through guided play

Research on children’s development as writers has helped us to understand what

cognitive skills are involved in the process of writing texts and stories. Although

dierent models and angles exist, all researchers agree at least in one aspect:

writing is much more than putting letters on a page – it is a complex process

where we orchestrate multiple skills and draw on previous knowledge.

Supporting writing skills through guided play

What support can help children to become

procient writers?

In the PLaNS project, children engaged in pretence and

construction play through collaborative activities using

creative materials. These literacy activities often had

two phases: a planning or idea phase where children

represented their ideas in a 3D format, and then moved

on to a related writing task. During the collaborative

building phase, children came up with ideas, structured

their stories, and rehearsed expressing ideas in

language. During the writing task, the physical model

helped children remember what happened in their story

or what they planned to write about.

Another important issue is motivation to practice

writing. Struggling writers might have diculties

with one or more specic skills involved in writing,

and become convinced that they are ‘not good

writers’. As they move through primary school, the

writing demands increase. If these children have not

practiced enough to overcome their diculties, writing

becomes an overwhelming task and they feel alienated

from the process. This might explain why struggling

writers fail to catch up with their peers. In the PLaNS

project, having the opportunity to practice writing

in a playful non-threatening context seemed to

improve children’s attitudes towards writing and their

motivation to practice.

What the children said about using creative, hands-

on materials and playful activities to help them write:

“It helps us do more writing.” (child one). “And it

makes me more crazy.” (child two). “And it makes me

have more ideas.” (child three).

“…[children] can put down their ideas and then, if

they forget, if they think, oh no I forgot my idea,

they can just look then at the LEGO and maybe

remember it”

“I enjoy LEGO because it is almost like playing in

class, but we’re using it for a learning reason. So it’s

fun to do it, when you know that it’s gonna help you

with something as well.“

“Because if, if they don’t have any imagination, with

LEGO you can use the imagination, so they learn to

use their imagination. And also they can learn to build

and work together.”

The PLaNS approach

The PLaNS approach:

using research in practice

In the PLaNS project, we talk about ‘guided play’ rather than ‘free play’,

because all the activities intend to improve children’s learning and

their ability to write, as well as their collaborative skills. Although the

activities are proposed by adults, they remain child-led and playful.

The activities can be characterised as follows:

• Hands-on experiences with creative elements (any materials that are easy to

construct and be creative with, for example LEGO

bricks).

• Children have a high degree of choice within the activities (deciding what to

build, the content of the writing, how to manage the task within the group and

where to work, including the oor or carpet area etc.).

• Activities require children to be imaginative and creative, not just in building a

model, but also when writing and their creative ideas are valued and shared.

• Children express their ideas through dierent mediums (talking, building,

writing, pictures, videos, drawing etc.) and translate their ideas from one

medium to another.

• Children have opportunities to show and share their creations, giving

purpose to the creative process.

Connecting building and writing

A key point of successful activities is to connect the

two aspects – the building and the writing – to the

children. For example, introducing the writing activity

before they start building, model the writing in front

of the class using their creative model as a prompt,

or remind children to think about the content of their

writing while they build. You can nd more ideas for

linking building and writing in the resource section.

Enhancing dialogue and collaboration

In the PLaNS project, children participated in groups

of three and worked in these same groups throughout

the academic year to plan, represent and inspire their

writing. Discussing their ideas with classmates, and

having to agree on their collaborative creations, means

children engage in exploratory talk (a constructive and

reasoned form of dialogue) which in turn is reected in

the organisation and overall quality of their writing.

The LEGO Foundation

Negotiating in groups

Teachers in the project introduced, reminded, and

supported the use of ‘Rules for Talk’, a form of contract

agreed by the children on how to interact with each

other in group work activities, in order to promote the

development of dialogic skills for learning together.

Successful activities had elements that children

needed to discuss and decide as a group, time and

support to do this well, and reection about the

process. The resource section has specic ideas and

materials to help prepare for playful writing activities.

Promoting reection and problem-solving

Given that children had the freedom to decide what

to do and how to do it, they practiced reection and

problem-solving (metacognitive monitoring and

control) as they discussed, planned and negotiated in

groups. Successful activities include questions that

prompt and support children to reect, and gain skills

and knowledge about their learning processes. For

example, requiring them to explain the model to others

or ask questions about other’s models. The lesson

planning section gives step-by-step examples.

Integration with the curriculum

All the activities were fully integrated with the

curriculum, both in and beyond literacy. Each activity

built on children’s previous knowledge and served as

a scaold for further learning opportunities. Teachers

supported children’s awareness by making connections

between subjects explicit and helping them see how

learning objectives built on previous work.

“...when we get, just get

to choose our own thing,

then we can just use our

imagination and do it.“

(Year 1 student).

PLaNS lesson planning

In guided play lessons, as in any other lesson, the teacher provides clear learning

objectives, dierentiated by ability, and these are shared with students. However,

the overarching ethos of the approach is to promote children’s ability to learn

autonomously and, therefore, create a learning environment in which children enjoy

and reect upon the process. This is the most important goal to keep in mind. Every

aspect of planning should have this goal as a priority.

PLaNS lesson planning

• What aspect of writing are children learning about?

Establish a genre and writing goals (e.g. persuasive

writing, newspaper article, graphic novels, etc;

opening and connecting clauses, punctuation).

• What are children writing about?

Establish a topic, book, book section, or shared

experience, such as a school trip.

• How do the learning objectives and topic connect

with previous learning and future goals?

Identify previous knowledge and experiences and

the ways in which the current activity helps to build

the basis for future learning.

• What is the building task?

Dene a clear building task for children according

to the objectives (for example, if children are

learning about the narrative structure of fairy

tales, a building activity that includes representing

dierent scenes would be suitable; whereas if

the objective is to produce a newspaper article,

a single scene representing the main event to be

reported might be better).

• What is the writing task?

Dene a writing task according to the learning

objectives and which allows for dierentiation.

• What is the purpose and format of the task?

If children see a meaningful purpose in the task,

this can have an impact on their motivation to

write. Identify a specic presentation format

(storyboard, writing own illustrated book, a comic

strip, a printed newspaper, etc.) and the audience

and purpose of the writing activity. Examples could

be display in school, write a letter to your favourite

author, give tips to younger students, create an

animated lm for a contest or edit a newspaper to

share with families.

• How will the activity be structured?

Decide if you will need more than one lesson to

conduct the activity, or if you will split the activity

in several sections. Remember that one building

activity can serve to inspire several pieces of

writing!

Here are a list of questions to inspire your planning of guided play activities.

PLaNS lesson planning

Every lesson using a guided play approach is dierent,

as there are many ways to use creative, 3D materials

in collaborative groups to support writing. Even if

teachers use the same lesson plan, children respond

creatively and contribute to enhance the learning

experience in their own ways.

The teacher’s role in guided play

The teacher’s role in guided play is to propose a

learning framework (in preparation and introduction

stages), observe and ask questions, and be supportive

of children’s eorts (in building, sharing and connecting

building to writing stages), while being open to their

decisions and ideas about how to undertake the tasks.

The teacher also plays an important role as an observer

in the classroom, identifying interesting or challenging

situations, highlighting good practices, and learning

opportunities to share with the class as a whole.

Finally, while children undertake the writing task/s

(playful writing stage) the teacher’s role is similar to

practice as usual, providing specic writing instruction,

and giving feedback for children’s individual work.

Crucially, their role at this stage is also to support

a relaxed and focused writing environment. They

encourage children to help each other (while

respecting other’s work), to speak aloud but quietly

among themselves in order to generate ideas or revise

their work, and to go back to change the model to help

them with editing ideas, changing perspectives or

being inspired to continue writing.

3. Sharing ideas (whole class and groups)

• Give children the opportunity to share ideas with

other groups, and to individually explain the ideas

represented in their models.

• Ask questions about how children collaborated.

Prompt children to discuss examples of when they

used the Rules for Talk.

4. Transition from building to writing (whole class)

• Prompt children to practice how to generate ideas

from their models and construct sentences. Some

teachers used video recordings of the children

building at this stage, so that children could listen

to their recordings before writing.

• Explain and model how to increase the complexity

of sentences.

5. Playful writing (individual work in mixed ability

groups)

• Remind children of the writing task and the

specic learning goals.

• Encourage children to help each other, and remind

them to be respectful of each other’s work.

• Encourage children to go back to the model if they

‘get stuck’ when generating ideas for their writing.

• Remind children of specic strategies (e.g. to

circle words if unsure of spelling, or to look around

at the classroom displays to nd good adjectives

to use, and ideas for opening clauses, etc.)

• Encourage children to revise their work and

evaluate if they have fullled the learning

objectives.

• Provide children with the opportunity to reflect

on their progress as writers, their strengths

and weaknesses.

The steps listed below oer inspiration for how

to introduce a new activity to the whole class, get

children started building in groups and sharing their

ideas, how to transition to writing and how to support

them as they write.

1. Whole class introduction

• Present or remind children of the topic, book or

shared experience. Encourage children to share

their ideas with the class.

• Remind children of the Rules for Talk and LEGO

rules. You can ask children to anticipate potential

problems when working together and discuss

good strategies to solve them. Children might

have the rules printed and available on their tables

or displayed in the classroom.

• Explain the building and the writing task to the

children. Encourage them to give examples of

ideas they might include in their models and

writing.

• Describe additional activities that children might

carry out while building that will help them with

their writing. For example, to make a note of good

character names or adjectives.

2. Building time in mixed ability groups

• Prompt children to have a discussion about ideas

to represent before they commit to building.

• Allow children to organise their own time. Be

available for questions or for children to ‘show o’

their creations to you.

• Remind children of the time halfway through the

building and towards the end.

• Walk around the classroom to see dierent ways

in which children are building ideas. Ask some

children to share with the class ideas to highlight

their creativity.

• Remind children of the need to discuss and agree

on a single group model.

• For documenting models, take pictures or ask

children to take them by themselves.

PLaNS lesson planning

The LEGO Foundation

Teachers in the PLaNS project agreed that these

were a good summary of typical steps in their lessons

but as they were also very creative in their practice,

not every lesson followed this pattern. For example,

when children in Year 5 created comic strips, they had

a brainstorm and drawing-planning activity before

they built models to photograph for their illustrations.

Then they edited their ideas using the models and

proceeded to writing up speech balloons and captions.

In another example, children in Year 3 constructed

models to re-enact scenes in order to spot transition

errors in their scripts and x them by re-writing,

learning the importance of revising and editing through

pretence play.

“We look at the model

sometimes and then we think of

stu and then we write it down

on a piece of paper.”

(Year 1 student).

In short, this is what a playful writing activity is about,

according to a ve-year-old student and writer:

Background on the PLaNS project

In previous research at the Faculty of Education, we

showed that playful experiences can be more eective

than directive teaching in supporting Year 1 children’s

writing skills (Whitebread & Jameson, 2010). Providing

a playful context where children could freely re-enact

and develop a known story resulted in signicantly

better structured and more creative oral and written

stories using the same characters than a context in

which children followed adult-led activities. However,

there is currently not enough evidence to support

the implementation of playful pedagogies in primary

education practice across the board, and there is

increasing pressure on schools to demonstrate their

eectiveness in standardised assessments, fostering

result-oriented practices. These pressures constrain

the use of playful approaches, which are process-

oriented in nature and place the emphasis on children’s

engagement and enjoyment of the learning process

rather than on short-term learning outcomes.

In the PLaNS project, we wanted to extend the idea

that a playful context can support children’s narratives

in the classroom. So, we set out to use instructional

principles, established in previous research, to

incorporate playful activities into practice. Children

in nine classes (three Year 1, three Year 3, and three

Year 5) worked together in small groups during literacy

lessons to create and represent stories and ideas by

building LEGO

models that then inspired writing in

various ways, such as comic strips, movie scripts, 3D

storyboards, and much more.

Background on the

PLaNS project

Throughout a whole academic year, collaborative

LEGO building was the main form of planning their

writing tasks. All groups consisted of three children

of mixed ability in their writing, and throughout the

year, teachers encouraged not only their motivation

to write, but also their metacognitive strategies, and

collaboration skills through dialogic learning.

Children dedicated a good amount of time (at least

four lessons each term) engaged in collaborative tasks

in which they had to plan and manage the creation of

3D models that represented the ideas they wanted

to put into writing. They also received the specic

instruction they normally would to learn about formal

aspects of writing (such as, conventions of dierent

genres, structure, punctuation, spelling, etc.).

However, when they received this information, the

children had already generated ideas for their writing

in a playful way; they had embarked on the process of

translating ideas represented in their models into a

written text.

Through practical activities developed by teachers

and regular meetings with them throughout the

academic year, we documented the experience and

gathered invaluable information about what works in

the classroom. But we also wanted to nd out if this

approach would, in principle, have a benecial impact

for participating children.

The LEGO Foundation

The PLaNS research team evaluated 108 of the

children that participated in the project at the

beginning and end of the school year to measure the

impact of this teaching approach in children’s writing,

as well as a range of skills necessary to become a

procient writer: oral narrative skills, vocabulary,

metacognition, and creativity. Children and teachers

were observed in the classroom throughout the

academic year as they implemented this playful

pedagogy, and were also interviewed by the research

team in order to understand their perspectives on

teaching and learning writing skills in a collaborative

and playful way.

Our initial ndings are very promising for a small-

scale intervention. First, we were able to assess the

progress of children’s writing skills and compare them

with children who were taught the previous academic

year by the same teachers but who did not receive

the intervention. We found that children in the PLaNS

project improved in the formal aspects of writing

skills (measured by schools according to National

Curriculum Levels) just as much as their peers in the

previous year. We also compared children’s progress

at the beginning and the end of the year, and found

signicant improvement in children’s quality of writing,

as well as key skills related to ability to write, such

as creativity and metacognition. We also observed

that children were highly engaged in the activities

throughout the year and learnt to collaborate better

with others. Moreover, children who were more playful

and creative (engaging in pretence play, social play, and

contributing with original ideas) were also those that

worked better in their mixed ability groups.

In the PLaNS project, children

improved signicantly in the

quality of their writing, as well

as key skills related to their

ability to write, such as creativity

and metacognition. Moreover,

children who were more playful

and creative also worked better

in groups.

References

Berk, L.E., Mann, T.D., & Ogan, A.T. (2006). Make Believe

Play: Wellspring for Development of Self-Regulation.

In D.G. Singer, R.M. Golinko & K. HirshdPasek (Eds.),

Play=Learning: How Play Motivates and Enhances

Children’s Cognitive and Social Emotional Growth. (pp.

74-100). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bhowanji, P., Lord, B., & Wilkes, C. (2008). “I know what

to write now!”’ Engaging boys (and girls) through a

multimodal approach. Leicester: UKLA (2008).

Cremin, T., Chappell, K. & Craft, A. (2013). Reciprocity

between narrative, questioning and imagination in the

early and primary years: examining the role of narrative

in possibility thinking. Thinking Skills and Creativity

Dawes, L., Mercer, N. and Wegerif, R. (2000). Thinking

Together: a programme of activities for developing

speaking, listening and thinking skills for children aged

8-11. Birmingham: Imaginative Minds Ltd.

References

Dignath, C., Buettner, G. and Langfeldt, HdP. (2008)

‘How can Primary school students learn self-regulated

learning strategies most eectively? A meta-analysis

of self-regulation training programmes’, Educational

Research Review, 3: 101-129.

Fisher, R., Jones, S., Larkin, S., and Myhill, D. (2010).

Using talk to support writing. London: Sage.

Graham, S., & Harris, K. R. (2000). The Role of Self-

Regulation and Transcription Skills in Writing and

Writing Development. Educational Psychologist, 35(1),

3–12. doi:10.1207/S15326985EP3501_2

Graham, S., McKeown, D., Kiuhare, S., & Harris, K.

R. (2012). Meta-analysis of writing instruction for

students in elementary grades. Journal of Educational

Psychology, 104(4), 896. http://doi.org/http://dx.doi.

org/10.1037/a0029939

References

Hacker, D. J., Keener, M. C., & Kircher, J. C. (2009).

Writing is Applied Metacognition. In D. J. Hacker,

J. Dunlosky, & A. C. Graesser (Eds.), Handbook of

metacognition in education (pp. 154–172). New York,

London: Routledge.

Nicolopoulou, A. (2006). The interplay of play and

narrative in children’s development: theoretical

reections and concrete examples. In A. Goncu & S.

Gaskins (Eds.). Play and Development. Mahwah, NJ:

Lawrence Erlbaum.

Roskos, K. A., Christie, J. F., Widman, S., & Holding,

A. (2010). Three decades in: Priming for meta-

analysis in play-literacy research. Journal of

Early Childhood Literacy, 10(1), 55-96. http://doi.

org/10.1177/1468798409357580

Vygotsky, Lev S. 1967. “Play and Its Role in the Mental

Development of the Child.” Soviet Psychology 5:6–18

Vygotsky, L..S. (1978a). The Role of Play in

Development. In M. Cole, V. John-Steiner, S. Scribner

& E. Souberman (Eds.) Mind in Society. Cambridge, MA:

Harvard University Press.

Vygotsky, L..S. (1978b). The Prehistory of Written

Language. In M. Cole, V. JohndSteiner, S. Scribner &

E. Souberman (Eds.) Mind in Society. Cambridge, MA:

Harvard University Press.

Whitebread, D., (2010) Play, metacognition & self-

regulation. In P. Broadhead, J. Howard & E. Wood (eds)

Play and Learning in the Early Years London: Sage.

Whitebread, D., & Jameson, H. (2010). Play beyond the

Foundation Stage: storytelling, creative writing and

self-regulation in able 6-7 year olds. In The Excellence

of Play (3rd ed.). Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Before starting playful writing activities • 20

Linking building and writing • 26

Example of PLaNS lesson in Year 1 • 28

Example of PLaNS lesson in Year 3 • 32

Example of PLaNS lesson in Year 5 • 36

Ideas for playful writing • 40

Inspiration and resources

Table of contents

Before starting playful writing activities

Tips for establishing LEGO rules and rules for talk

• Encourage children to think about possible LEGO

rules and rules for talk in small groups

• Encourage each group to come up with their

priority of rules

• Encourage the whole class to identify the most

important LEGO rules and rules for talk (4 or 5

rules to start with)

• Display LEGO rules and rules for talk on the wall

• Display sheets or cards with LEGO rules and rules

for talk in front of children on their table to remind

them about good group work

• Use pictures to support children to read the rules

• Give children ownership so that they can use the

rules when they have conicts

Before starting playful

writing activities

Ideas for LEGO rules

• When working with LEGO, keep all LEGO pieces in

the working area (e.g. an A3 sheet of paper of large

hoop)

• When any LEGO piece falls on the oor, pick it up

• Dis-assemble LEGO pieces before packing them up

• Be responsible and look after your LEGO set

• Do not put LEGO pieces into your pocket

• Do not lick LEGO pieces

Before starting the various playful writing activities, children need to agree and get

familiar with a set of ground rules for talk and using LEGO

in collaborative activities.

Here are some tips and ideas for establishing LEGO rules and rules for talk. The ideas

in this section were provided by teachers and children from the PLaNS project, with

resources in turn drawing on a previous .research project called ‘ChAT - see the

Credits on pages 46-47 in this handbook.

Setting the rules for talk

Before agreeing with your class on a set of ground rules

for talk, children will need time to become familiar with

key vocabulary, experience talk, and reect upon the

quality of their dialogue.

An example of a progression of activities leading to

the development of rules for talk

Week 1: Focus on talk

• Activity: What did you do at play? (a) Talk to the

person next to you (b) Find another person to tell.

• Illustrate successful/unsuccessful talk using

stories. Introduce key vocabulary: compromise,

agree, interrupt, ignore.

• Reect on the quality of talk.

Week 2: Focus on listening

• Illustrate not listening using a puppet: “What is

going wrong?” “Why?” Draw on vocabulary.

• Pair Activity: Sit children back to back. Ask one of

the children to describe an object and the second

child to guess it. Discuss how well it worked and

what was important.

Week 3: Focus on reaching agreement

• Use debates or other group activities that

encourage children to seek agreement (E.g.

sort, rank).

Activities that facilitate the incorporation of key/

new vocabulary

1. Encourage children to report on what other children

have said.

2. Encourage children to provide reasons, such as

discuss why someone in the class might be a good

friend.

3. Encourage children to agree when making group

decisions. For example, decide what materials to use in

a joint arts project.

4. Introduce a TALK BOX (see page 25) as part of the

classroom materials and select a dierent key word

each week.

5. Model the use of key/new talk vocabulary in

dierent lessons.

Activities that encourage children to reect on the

quality of their talk

1. Encourage children to evaluate the quality of

their talk:

• Did you nd it easy or dicult to talk in your

groups? Why?

• Who was a good talker/listener? Why?

• Did everybody in the group have the chance to talk?

2. Ask ‘how’ questions:

• How can you tell if someone is listening to you?

• How did you come to an agreement?

• How did you solve your disagreement?

• How did the talk help in your group?

3. Encourage them to think about possible rules for talk:

• What rule would be helpful if…?

Before starting playful writing activities

Why

Because

I think... I agree...

Resources to support these activities

Talk Cards

Talk cards can be helpful when encouraging the use of

new vocabulary during group activities. Children can be

encouraged to use one (I think…) or more cards (I agree

because…) during group activities

For younger children:

Use a puppet and pretence play to model good use of

talk as well as potential problems. Encourage children

to describe what happened and how the dialogue could

be improved.

For older children:

Use action gures (such as LEGO minigures, or

gures made by children), to enact how good and bad

group work looks. Children can also enact a problem

that they anticipate during group work, and ask the

whole class which strategies might be helpful to

address them.

Talk Display and ‘Group Contracts’

The Talk Display will allow you to highlight new

vocabulary, remind children of talk rules and also to

record children’s appropriate talk behaviours. Having

group contracts in which children have committed to

work with rules.

Pictures of ‘Talk Behaviours’

The goal of this activity is to establish a set of ground

rules for talk in the classroom. Children work in

small groups (3 or 4 children), and are given a set

of statements concerning talk behaviours (see the

picture resources on the following pages). Ask them

to jointly agree on which behaviours are helpful and

which are not helpful to encourage dialogue. Also,

give children the chance to identify those behaviours

they are not sure about. After the small group work,

the whole class is encouraged to identify the most

important behaviours that should constitute the class

rules (4-5 rules to start with).

Examples of success criteria for the group work

• Listen to each other’s’ ideas.

• Explain your ideas to everybody in the group.

• Group the cards into those that are helpful (good

ideas) for talk, not so helpful (bad ideas), and those

that the group as a whole is not sure about.

For this activity to be successful children need:

• To be familiar with the talk vocabulary.

• To be familiar with the idea of explaining their

reasoning to others. Previous activities should

have encouraged children to use questions like:

“What do you think?” or “Why do you think that?”

and answers like: “I think that because…”

• To be able to read the statements (with or without

the support of pictures). Reading abilities should

be taken into account when grouping the children.

You can copy the cards

on the following pages

for use in the activities.

Before starting playful writing activities

Listen

Take turns

Agree

Disagree

Reasons

Talk

Compromise

Interrupt

Ignore

Why do you think that?

I think…because…

Linking building and writing

Tip 1: Attaching vocabulary to the LEGO model

Giving children new vocabulary that would be useful

and physically attaching the vocabulary to their LEGO

model can make a good link between their model and

the writing. Children may have understood the words

while not really applied them to their writing. When

seeing the vocabulary in front of them, children could

match the vocabulary with parts of their building, and

use the provided words to produce their writing.

Tip 2: Asking children to write down exciting words

When children are building their LEGO models, they

can be given a sheet of plain paper. If they come up with

any exciting words or adjectives or adverbs or phrases,

they can write them down and use these words or

phrases later when they are writing.

Linking building and writing

Tip 3: Modelling using the LEGO model to write

Several teachers mentioned modelling as an essential

step, that is, carefully showing children how you want

them to use their model to write. You could get one

of the models that the children have built and show

them how to look back at it and write. This would help

them understand how they could use their model as

the prompt to support their writing, rather than just

literally describing their LEGO model.

Tip 4: Asking children to explain their own models

After a group has nished building, you could ask

children to explain their models. After children working

on a table nish building, you could ask them to explain

what they have built to other groups, especially when

the model is abstract. This will get the children thinking

about how they are going to tell the story, write their

report, or whatever they are doing. Giving children

the opportunity to verbalise their ideas will help them

to construct a structure, sentences and specic

vocabulary that can be used in their writing.

Building with LEGO

bricks and creative tools is fun, but the transition

from building to writing may not always turn out to be easy for children.

Here we present some tips that the participating teachers found useful

in linking the building activity and writing.

The LEGO Foundation

Tip 5: Looking back at their own models after

nishing writing

Once children have completed their writing, it could

be benecial to ask them to look back at their models

again, and to see how they have used their models

and whether they need to use them dierently.

Children can think about whether their writing plans,

or the ideas they have when building their models,

have been reected in their writing, and whether any

improvements can be made to their writing.

Tip 6: Taking photos of LEGO models and using them

to help writing

Keeping all the actual models that children have built

may not always be feasible. To remind children of their

creations, you could take photos of their models and

use these photos to help them write. Children can stick

these photos in their books and look at them when

they are doing their writing.

Tip 7: Giving children a clear goal

It can be helpful to give children a clear reason for

having fun. Having a clear goal in mind and knowing

what they are going to do after building their models

will be benecial to their writing.

Example of PLaNS Lesson in Year 1

Example of PLaNS

Lesson in Year 1

The following is a lesson that took place with children aged 5. In the story ‘Room

on the Broom’, a witch and her cat y over forests, rivers and mountains on their

broomstick until a stormy wind blows away the witch’s hat, bow and wand. They

are retrieved by a dog, a bird and a frog, and each animal asks for a ride on the

broom. They climb on, one after the next, until the broom is so heavy that it snaps

in two...

Illustration from page 22 of “Gems from Mother Goose”, McLoughlin Bros., Inc. (1899)

Example of PLaNS Lesson in Year 1

Before building

• Setting the context (reading the book “Room on

the Broom” together)

• Explaining the task (retelling your favourite parts

of story in the right order)

The teacher read the book “the Room on the Broom”

to the children (they had heard the story before)

and discussed what happened in the story with the

children. She then took out a LEGO

set and explained

to the children what they were going to do.

Teacher:

So we’re going to pick some of the bits of the story

that we like the most. And we are going to try at the

end of this morning is to write the story. We need to

tell it in the right order, don’t we? So we need to think

in what order things are happening.

The teacher asked the children what happened rst,

second, and next in the story, and the children retold

the story in their own words. She then asked the

children to work as a team to choose 3 parts of the

story that they were going to make.

Teacher:

We need to think about dierent parts of the story.

We need something from the beginning, something

from the middle, and something from the end. You

need to talk to your LEGO buddies because you are

going to make your stories together.

Children looked at the book together and discussed

which scenes they wanted to make. They decided to

make a truly magnicent broom, a dragon, and a broom

snapping into two.

During building

• Encouraging children to work as a team

• Reminding children of their plans and what they

still need to make

Children started choosing LEGO pieces from the

boxes to build their models. At rst, two girls both

wanted to make the truly magnicent broom, and one

of them suggested that they could make it together.

They decided to use two bases to make a long broom

and there were lots of negotiations and compromises

going on while they built their models.

The next pages illustrate their discussions while

building and writing.

Ann: Shall we make this for the truly magnicent

broom?

Emma: No. I’m doing the truly magnicent broom.

Ann: I thought you’re doing the one in the rst.

Emma: No. I’ll start it o.

Ann: Maybe I’ll just do that with you for now. Maybe we

can…Let’s use two boards for the broom because it’s a

really long broom.

(Ann joined with Emma and the two girls built together.)

Ann: This looks like a really comfortable seat (she put

the seat on the base)

Emma: No. That’s the wrong seat. We need the seat in

the front.

Ann: Oh yeah!

Emma: I have a good idea... (She chose a LEGO piece

from the box and showed it to Ann). That can be a bird.

Ann: I think the best bird is a bat.

Emma: Ok if you insist (She picked a piece of bat

from the box and put it on). A bat! (The two girls

laughed together)

Working together, the two girls built a seat, a dog, a

cat, a bird, a witch, and mountains and lights for the

truly magnicent broom of the story. After a while, the

boy Charlie made a shower for the frog and happily

showed his model to the two girls. However, Emma did

not seem happy and said she was planning to make the

shower. Ann apologised to Charlie for Emma and tried

to persuade Emma to include Charlie’s shower model

into their truly magnicent broom.

Charlie: (smiling and showing his model to the two

girls) Look! I did the shower for the frog on the broom!

Emma: (looking at the model and not seeming very

happy) But...but I’m doing the shower for the frog on

the broom!

Charlie and Emma both remained quiet for several

seconds. Then Ann whispered “sorry” to Charlie.

Ann: Yeah. But Harry hasn’t done anything for the truly

magnicent broom, Emma?

Emma: (to Ann) But then...you’ve done most of it.

Ann: (to Emma)But you can help me!

Emma: I’m just doing this bit. That’s all what I’m doing.

I don’t want any arguments in here! (to Charlie) But is it

OK if I copy that?

Charlie: Yeah.

Emma: Thanks.

Charlie: But there is not much of the same bits.

Emma: Oh...

Ann: Maybe you can use Charlie’s or it will be very

sad of him because he would be without the truly

magnicent broom.

After the three children built for about 20 minutes, the

teacher asked what they’ve made. She then moved the

nished truly magnicent broom model onto a display

board and asked the children to work on other models

that they still needed to build. The children then started

discussing how they could make a dragon model.

Charlie: (showing a LEGO piece to Emma) Look, this can

be the mouth.

Emma: (receiving the piece from Charlie and trying to

make it open and close) Em...OK. Look, (showing it to

Ann) it’s open, closed, open, closed.

Seeing that Emma is using his idea, Charlie smiled.

Emma: And it was my idea to go closed, open.

Charlie: It was both of our idea. And I can still make the

mouth with re.

Example of PLaNS Lesson in Year 1

The children were then busying making their dragon

model. They made the dragon’s body, horn, eyes, and

wings. When the two girls had dierent opinions, one

reminded the other: “you need to listen to each other’s

ideas. We’re LEGO buddies”. When the boy wanted to

make his own dragon model, a girl reminded him:”we

are working as a team”.

After building the dragon model, the children also

made a model of the monster which was actually

made up of the cat, the dog, the frog, and the bird. The

children decided to use brown bricks to represent the

mud surrounding the animals. They also made a witch

lying on the oor to represent that she was fainting.

Transition from building to writing

• Using posters to help sequence the models

• Encouraging children to use their models to make

sentences before writing

The teacher put all models that children had nished

on a display board and took away all the unused pieces.

She then took out some yellow posters and asked the

children to use the posters to help them sequence

their story.

Teacher:

We’re using these to help us sequence the story,

because we’re going to retell the story. So looking

at the LEGO models will remind you of some of the

things that happened in the story. So what happened

rst in the story, who can make a sentence of what

happened the rst?

One girl made a sentence “once upon a time there was

a witch who had a cat”. She then wrote down number

1 on a yellow post-it and put it aside with the model

which represented the rst part of their story. The

children then took turns to retell what happened next

in the story, before writing down number 2, 3, or 4 on a

yellow post-it and putting each post-it aside with the

model which represented the second, third, and fourth

part of their story.

Teacher:

Now you’re trying to write the story in the right

order. You might want to use words like rst, second,

and next. Look at the LEGO model to help you

remember what happened if you forget…If you could

include some story book language like “whoosh!

They were gone”, that would be lovely.

The teacher wrote down “once upon a time there was

a witch” on the ipchart and asked the children to

continue their own stories.

The children were highly concentrated in their writing.

They sometimes stopped writing for a bit and read

what they had written before rubbing some words

and revising them. The teacher helped them with the

spelling of words occasionally. After 30 minutes, each

child wrote more than one page of the story.

Example of PLaNS Lesson in Year 1

Example of PLaNS

Lesson in Year 3

This is a lesson example with 7-year-olds working with the story ‘The Enchanted Wood’:

When Joe, Beth and Frannie climb up to the top of the Faraway Tree, they meet Silky, Moon-

Face and the Saucepan Man. Their new friends show them an exciting secret – how to visit

lots of strange and magical lands and they have many thrilling and magical adventures.

The teacher introduced the lesson by asking questions

about the story that the children had read.

Teacher:

Last time we read a little bit of the book and the

children were up the tree and they found a magical

land, do you remember anything about roundabout

land? Do you remember what it looked like?

Children discussed what the characters in the book

found on the top of the tree, such as running rabbit,

mouse, trees, and music.

Teacher:

So the last line of that chapter was “I vote we don’t

ever come back to this tree”. But of course, they did

go up to the tree again. And every time they went

up to the tree, they found a dierent land. Some of

the lands were really nice lands, and some of the

lands were not so nice lands. So do you think the

roundabout land is a nice land or not?

Children discussed what they liked and not liked about

the roundabout land.

Teacher:

So today we’re going to be thinking about if we went

up to the faraway tree, what land might we nd? I’ve

got a whiteboard each, and I’d like you to jot down any

ideas. I might jot down some as well. We are eventually

going to be building something together, so we’ll have

to compromise on it. But let’s get some ideas rst.

They can be nice, or they can be not very nice.

Before building

• Setting the context (discussing the story)

• Explaining the task (creating your own faraway land)

• Inspiring ideas and writing down children’s

decision

• Reminding children of talk rules

Materials on the table: whiteboards, sheets, pens,

and pencils.

Example of PLaNS Lesson in Year 3

Children and teacher wrote down their ideas on each

one’s whiteboard for about 2 minutes. Then teacher

asked each child to explain their ideas.

The ideas that children came up with included no-

vegetable land, dog land, chatterbox land, sh land,

noisy land (where everything talks), and animal land.

The ideas that the teacher came up with included ying

land, chocolate land, giant land, trampoline land, and

jelly land.

Teacher:

So lots of really good ideas. You’re going to come up

with your idea together, so you can combine dierent

ideas. Before you start, you need to think about your

talk rules. Can you remind me of your talk rules?

Children discussed their talk rules, such as “think about

big ideas”, “I’m not going to talk when someone else is

talking”, and “not shouting”.

The teacher asked the children to discuss which ideas

they are going to use as a group. She reminded them

of the importance of compromise when working as a

team.

After giving children 5 minutes to discuss, the teacher

asked them to decide their ideas and wrote down their

decision on a ipchart.

The children decided that they will have Zombie Land

with armies of sh in the south, Gummy Bear Land in

the north, Human Land in the middle, Giant land in the

west, Gravity and Trampoline Land in the east.

During building

• Encouraging children to plan before building

• Asking children to explain their models

• Reminding children of the time

Teacher took out LEGO

bricks and encouraged the

children to decide what they were going to make each

and to think how they were going to build them.

A girl and a boy decided to make Zombie Land together

rst, another girl decided to make Gummy Bear Land

rst. They decided that they would put all the lands

together afterwards. They also came up with building

ideas such as using tall gures to represent the giant

and making a square to represent the trampoline land.

Children were given 40 minutes to build and were

all highly engaged in the activity. They talked about

building ideas (e.g. using blue cylinders to represent

the eyes of the giant and yellow blocks to represent

its head), negotiated about special LEGO pieces, and

pretended talking as zombie and sh.

Example of PLaNS Lesson in Year 3

Ellie and Charlie were building a Zombie model

together while Jane was building a gummy bear land.

Ellie: (to Charlie) Come on then, we can do this.

Charlie: (Singing) Babababa...How are we going to do

the head?

Ellie: Just do a circle. (She added a brick on top of the

model)

Charlie and Jane both laughed.

Charlie: That hat? Basically that hat?

Ellie: Yeah, just make it a bit taller.

Charlie: OK.(He helped added more bricks onto the

model)

Ellie: Keep on building. (Ellie and Charlie continued

working on the model)

Charlie: (excited) I know what the head can be. I’ve got

a great idea. I found something (he found a cylinder

LEGO piece out of a box and showed it to Ellie). This

could be a head.

Ellie: Let me check it.

Charlie: Or they can be the eyes. I’ve got two.

Ellie: I think they should be their ears. Maybe they can

be their shoulder parts like that.

Charlie: No, no, no, because we need four of them,

you know.

Ellie: Yes I know. So pass me another one.

Teacher reminded the children when they had 10 and

5 minutes building time left, and encouraged them to

think about what they still needed to build.

When the building time nished, the children had made

a Zombie Land model, a Fish land model, a Giant Land

model, and other models such as tractors and bikes.

The teacher then asked the children to pack up unused

LEGO pieces into boxes.

Transition from building to writing

• Giving each child a chance to talk about their models

• Encouraging children to think about how to make

good sentences

• Asking children to jot down their ideas and

writing plans

After children packed up the unused pieces, the

teacher asked them to explain what they had built.

Jean (pointing to her model): This is sh land and

they’ve got some doors. And they’re neighbours. And if

you want to leave there, you just jump out the door and

to the Gummy Land.

Ellie: And this is Zombie and Gratify Land. And this is our

tractor! This is the child seat for the sh, the army sh

(Moving the tractor model through the doors). And this

is the way they come out to ght, and they come in.

Charlie: No. They come in the other way.

Jane: I think you should put the door the other

way around.

Ellie: Oh. So they come out and come in.

Example of PLaNS Lesson in Year 3

Teacher:

Now what I’d like you to think about is to imagine

that you were the children going up to the top of the

faraway tree and come out to this land. So you’re

going to do quite a lot of detailed description, we

want it to be a really fantastic piece of writing. So

what sorts of things do we need to include?

Children came up with ideas such as full stops, capital

letters, commas, fronted adverbials, adverbs, powerful

verbs, and adjectives. The teacher then wrote these

down on the ipchart so that children could see when

they wrote.

Teacher:

So if you come out to the land, what’s the important

type of information that you’re going to include,

what they can hear, what they can smell, and what

they can see? You can also say what they are feeling

inside.

The children discussed what information they would like

to include and spoke out descriptive sentences, such as

“slowly and cautiously Joe steps onto the land”.

Teacher:

Great! Lots of details! Now I’ll give you 2 minutes

to jot down any ideas you have that you’re going to

include in your writing.

Children started jotting down their ideas for writing

on their own whiteboard. Teacher then asked them to

start writing and reminded them that they could look

at the model, use it to help them describe, and imagine

that they were there.

The children started writing. They occasionally talked

about words that they are going to use in their writing

and discussed how their story would develop. They

also used their models to act out what happened next

for a bit and then came back with their writing.

The teacher reminded children of the time when

they’ve got 15, 5 and 2 minutes left to write. When

children nished writing, the teacher asked them to

read through their writing, check the punctuation, and

see if there is anything that they could do to improve it.

Example of PLaNS Lesson in Year 3

Example of PLaNS Lesson

in Year 5

In this example, children aged 9 wrote their own Greek myth. The picture below

shows some of the cards used in this lesson. On one side of the cards are pictures

of the Greek myth characters (e.g. Perseus, Hercules, Cassandra), gods, goddesses

(e.g. Athena), monsters (e.g. Typhon), or weapons (e.g. sword). On the other side of

the cards are more detailed descriptions of the characters, gods, or weapons.

Before building

• Setting the context (Greek myth)

• Explaining the task (creating your own Greek

myth story)

• Inspiring ideas of building and planning

Materials on the table: a box of LEGO

bricks, a pile of

Greek myth cards, activity sheets, pens and pencils.

The teacher took out a pile of Greek myth cards and

asked the children to sort them into heroes, gods,

monsters, rewards and treasures. Children discussed

Greek gods and creatures with the teacher while

categorising the cards.

Example of PLaNS Lesson in Year 5

Teacher:

Now your activity this morning is to choose one or

more of each of the sections (cards), and once you’ve

done that, to think of a way that you can draw them all

together to create a Greek myth story of your own...

You’re going to need to select a hero or some heroes,

the tools they might be given to help them, the

creatures or monsters they need to defeat, and which

god might help them to do it. Perhaps one of the gods

will be the person that gives them these things.

The children started choosing and talking about

the characters on the cards. The teacher reminded

them to work as a team and agree together what

they were going to have and how they would string

their ideas together. After talking about their ideas,

the children decided to choose Athena, Cassandra,

Perseus, Hercules, and Typhon to create their own

Greek myth story.

Teacher:

So you’re now going to have some time to get out

the LEGO bricks and use the LEGO bricks to start

planning your story. You might want to use the LEGO

bricks to build the characters, and you need to think

about the settings...We’ve looked at things like

Greek temples, so what you need to do is to design

your ancient Greek setting... If there is any ideas you

want to jot down, you can do so, you also have the

LEGO bricks there to build with as much as you can.

During building

• Asking children to explain their models

• Reminding children of their story plans

• Asking children to think how their models can help

with their writing

The children were highly engaged in building their

LEGO models, with lots of conversation going on.

They exchanged ideas of how they were going to build

their models, showed their models to each other, and

acted out in a playful way with the models they had

built. They used green pieces to build the Parthenon,

red and yellow pieces to build a cabin for Typhon, and

blue pieces to make a lake. After nishing building the

settings, they started making the characters.

Kate: Look, look, look. I’ve done Athena. Athena,

Athena (singing while one hand holding her model and

the other holding the card of Athena). It’s taller than

any other gods.

Harry: (humming and dancing with his model) Look at

this dragon!

Kate: (laughing) No, you don’t need a dragon!

Harry: Yeah, I do. He (Typhon) is a half dragon guy.

Kate: You need a dragon’s head.

Harry: I don’t really mind. I’m just going to make a

dragon anyway, because it will take hours to build the

actual guy.

Kate: True.

William: (holding his model) Guys, look, look, Perseus,

he is surng in the air.

After the children had built some models, the teacher

asked them to explain what they had made. He

reminded them to think about their story and how

they could use what they had built to represent the

problems that the characters would encounter. He

also asked them to think what they still needed to build

according to their plan and how their models were

going to help them write their story.

After nishing their models of characters, the

children started making weapons and tools for their

characters. One boy made a sword and used it to

pretend slaying a dragon.

Example of PLaNS Lesson in Year 5

William: Look, look, Kate, I’ve got a sword (showing

his sword model) and then you can swap it around

whatever you’re happy.

Harry: It’s more of a stumped sword.

William: Where’s the dragon? I need to slay the dragon.

Dragon is right there! There is a seat!

Harry: I know. I know.

Harry passed the dragon model to William.

William: Put the seat on (he put a seat on the Pegasus

model). OK, guys, you need to get out for the game.

Harry: Let me give you the sword.

William: Heracles, where are you?

Kate:(passing a model to William) Here it is. That’s

Cassandra.

Kate started singing on her chair. William and Harry

joined the singing as well.

When the building time nished, the teacher asked the

children to pack away all the unused bits into the box,

leaving only the models they built, the cards, sheets,

pens and pencils on the table, before they had a break.

Transition from building to writing

• Giving each child a chance to talk about their models

• Asking children to discuss the opening, build-up,

problems, resolution, and ending of their story

• Asking children to jot down their ideas and plans

After the break, the teacher asked each child to talk

about their models. The children explained that they

had made Typhon, Perceus and his sword, Athena,

Cassandra, Heracles, Pegasus and Parthenon.

The teacher then asked the children what happened in

the start of their story. The children decided that three

famous Greek heroes Cassandra, Heracles, and Perceus

visited Temple Parthenon in the opening of their story.

“Perceus comes into Temple Parthenon and wondering

what he can do. Then he sees Heracles and he has a chat

with him and asks him if he can do some training with

him. He nds a shining sword.Cassandra goes into the

Parthenon and sees them ghting.”

The teacher then asked the children what was going

to be the build-up that may lead to their problems.

The children decided that “a cabin is being set re and

burning down”, “and it defeats the evil”, “out of the

ashes of the re comes up a massive Typhon”.

The teacher then gave children some time to discuss

what problems may be caused and how the characters

were going to resolve the issues, and what happened in

the end. The children discussed and jotted down ideas

on their sheets.

Example of PLaNS Lesson in Year 5

Kicking o writing

• Providing children with useful vocabulary

• Reminding children to use their models to help

with their writing

Teacher:

You’ve discussed very well. Now we need to start

writing. If you need any help with spelling, you’ve

got things like the character’s names, all written

down here (teacher passing cards to the children).

How you’re going to write your story is up to you,

but you’ve got your words there to help you write, to

spell some complex words.

The teacher told the children to use their best spelling

attempts, but not to worry too much about spelling

things perfectly. He also explained how to make use

their LEGO models to help with their writing.

Teacher:

Now you do have your LEGO models here, you are

allowed to make use of this. But try to remember that

this is here to try to help you to do your writing, not

to stop you from doing your writing. If you need to

change something as part of your story, to help you

think, that’s ne to do, but make sure after you move

it, we stop and get back on with our writing activity,

because that’s the main point of this now we’re

moving to the writing.

The teacher reminded the children that they could look

at their group plan while they were writing, and that

they could use one of the VCOP sheets to help them

think about their punctuation.

The children were highly engaged in their writing

for about 40 minutes. They sometimes discussed

their ideas of how the story would develop and read

what they’ve read to the rest of the group. They also

occasionally looked at their cards and LEGO models

before continuing with their writing.

Example of PLaNS Lesson in Year 5

Going on a micro-adventure - descriptive recount

• Main purpose of the activity: Write a descriptive

recount of a story. Children had been working

with a story about a journey of two characters

that had been “micro-sized” to the size of an ant,

and were going on a journey down a street, or

through a garden.

• Building instruction: The teacher showed a

video that had been taken with a camera very

close to the ground in a garden, so that children

could imagine the world from the perspective of a

minute being. Children discussed in carpet time.

They were then asked to create the character’s

journey with the mixed set.

• Writing instruction: Children were asked to

write a descriptive recount of this journey and

everything that the two characters could see, hear,

or smell.

Ideas for playful writing

Year 1 activity ideas

Creating a journey for a story character linked to The

Lighthouse Keeper’s Cat

• Main purpose of the activity: children had read

the beginning of the story - The Lighthouse

Keeper’s Cat and got to a page where there was

a large map. There was a path going around the

page and the cat met lots of characters on the way

and did lots of things until he got to the village at

the end. The teacher set the children the challenge

of creating a journey that the cat could go on. It

could be similar to the one in the story or it could

be completely imaginative.

• Building instruction: Children were given a

whiteboard in their groups and drew the journey

rst. They decided what was going to happen to

the cat, whether he was going to climb a mountain

or jump over a river or meet a cow and lots of

dierent things. Then they went back to their

tables and they had their whiteboard next to them

and they built the LEGO

representation of it.

• Writing instruction: to use your model to act

out the journey the cat went on. Then write the

journey as a story.

Ideas for playful writing

What happened next? – creating a dierent ending to

Humpty Dumpty

• Main purpose of the activity: children had read

the story of Humpty Dumpty. They need to come

up with a dierent ending following the structure:

Who made Humpty fall of the wall? How did they

do it?

• Building instruction: Children had to build the

recreation of what happened to Humpty.

• Writing instruction: to write one sentence

describing who made Humpty fall and how.

Remember the use of capital letters, ‘nger

spaces,’ and punctuation.

Creating your own “Toy Story”- imaginative writing

• Main purpose of the activity:To create a story

scene and characters and act out story with

dialogue before writing their own stories.

• Building instruction: To build a scene from your

story with all the characters (children had already

planned their stories on a story board) and act out

your story. Children made backgrounds on card to

stand behind their LEGO models.

• Writing instruction: Write your own toy story

using your story plan and LEGO model to help you.

Designing your own circus – imaginative writing

• Main purpose of the activity: for children to use

imaginations to design own circus and write

about it.

• Building instruction: decide as a group what

you would like to have in your circus (e.g. which

performers) and make it together using the

LEGO bricks.

• Writing instruction: describe all the things and

people that you included in your own circus.

Explain what they look like and what is happening.

Hedingham Castle visit recount - non-ction writing

• Main purpose of the activity: write about our visit

to Hedingham Castle the day before using time

connectives to sequence events.

• Building instruction: after a discussion session

and looking at photos of our visit on the interactive

whiteboard, children were asked to choose 3

dierent activities from our castle visit to model

using the LEGO bricks and put them in the correct

order.

• Writing instruction: write what happened on

our visit to the castles trying to put events in the

correct order and using time connectives, such as

rst, next, then, after that.

Australian Animals - producing an information page

• Main purpose of the activity: produce an

information page about an Australian animal (as

part of topic work on Australia).

• Building instruction: children work as a group to

choose one Australian animal and make a model of

it, and where it lives.

• Writing instruction: write sentences about

your animal on an information page format and

illustrate it.

Producing London landmark leaets - linked to ‘Katie

in London’

• Main purpose of the activity: build one of the

landmarks in the Katie in London story (St Paul’s

Cathedral, London Eye, Globe Theatre or Tower

of London) to support non-ction leaet writing

about the landmark.

• Building instruction: children previously went on

a “Journey to London” (trip to federated classroom

that was set up as London Landmarks) and

explored the ‘Katie in London’ story. They were

• then encouraged to use photo of a landmark to

support building it using LEGO bricks.

• Writing instruction: write leaet with headings

–“what you will see there”, “what you can do

there”, and “other interesting information”.

Ideas for playful writing

Setting a scene in outer space - descriptive writing

• Main purpose of the activity: to use descriptive

language and range of sentence openers.

• Building instruction: having listened to a part

of George’s Secret Key to the Universe (which

described outer space) build what outer space

looks like.

• Writing instruction: to use range of descriptive

phrases (space adjectives, verbs and adverbs) to

set the scene for an outer space adventure.

Writing a poem - in the style of “10 Things found in a

wizard’s pocket”

• Main purpose of the activity: to use the

framework of the poem “10 Things found in a

wizard’s pocket” to write “10 things found in the

Paperbag Prince’s Pocket”. The Paperbag Prince is

a character from our key text.

• Building instruction: think about the character

of the Paperbag Prince. Build something that you

would nd in his pocket that tells us something

about his character.

• Writing instruction: to use the objects to write a

poem, in the style of the poem “10 Things found in

a wizard’s pocket”.

Year 3 activity ideas

Telling an alternative adventure story – linked to

“The Tunnel”

• Main purpose of the activity: to write an

alternative adventure story of Jack when he goes

through the tunnel (from Anthony Browne’s “The

Tunnel”).

• Building instruction: to make three scenes

showing: 1. Jack coming out of the tunnel; 2.What

he nds; 3. Jack being turned to stone.

• Writing instruction: to write three paragraphs

telling Jack’s story based on the models.

Creating a hero for your own story

• Main purpose of the activity: to create a hero for

children’s own story, describe the character and

write a story of it.

• Building instruction: to build a hero for your story.

Think about any special skills (e.g. weapons) your

character might need.

• Writing instruction: use the mini-gs to write

their story.

What happened next? – completing The Adventure of

the Time Travelling Cat

• Main purpose of the activity: to complete the

rest of an adventure story that children already

read up to a certain point in the book.

• Building instruction: to build models to show what

happened next and how the story nishes.

• Writing instruction: to write the rest of the story,

using the model to help with descriptive details.

Ideas for playful writing

Creating a habitat for a new creature - information

text writing

• Main purpose of the activity: to create a new

creature and also create the habitat to go with it.

• Building instruction: to build a new creature and

build its habitat, making sure they include all the

elements the creature will need to survive.

• Writing instruction: to write an information

text about the creature and its habitat, using

headings etc.

Saving the park - persuasive letter writing

• Main purpose of the activity: to write a letter to

a council persuading them to save and rebuild the

local park.

• Building instruction: to build the scene where the

protesters are in front of the council explaining

what they want.

• Writing instruction: to write a persuasive letter in

order to save Stanley Street Park.

How to make a mummy – instruction writing

• Main purpose of the activity: to write a set of

instructions.

• Building instruction: to use the LEGO to act out

embalming a dead Pharaoh. The children had to

pretend they were chief embalmers training new

apprentices.

• Writing instruction: to write the instructions

for how to embalm a body, using the features of

instructional writing.

Finding of Tutankhamun’s Tomb - newspaper

report writing

• Main purpose of the activity: to build the tomb

and the characters involved- Howard Carter,

Lord Carnarvon, Lady Evelyn and then write a

newspaper report – using newspaper features

and languages.

• Building instruction: to build the tomb and

represent those present at the eld.

• Writing instruction: to write a newspaper report

about the tomb nding.

Ideas for playful writing

Creating a comic strip - mixing ICT and Art with

literacy lessons

• Main purpose of the activity: to tell a story of

climbing into a painting and changing it – in comic

strip form. Children previously went to an art

gallery and picked a painting, within their groups,

that they wanted to recreate with the LEGO set.

• Building instruction: each group were given a

camera and a LEGO minigure. They had to take

ve photos of their models, one for each scene

of the comic strip. They were also given the task

of changing an aspect of the paintings, as the

minigure was to break into the painting and

leave, or change, something to show that they

had been there.

• Writing instruction: add text to your photographs

to tell the story. The writing section of this task

was spread over a length of time, and over the

progress of the task.

Recreating a bedroom – linked to “Through

the Keyhole”

• Main purpose of the activity: to create and

describe the bedroom of a character from our

story using subtle descriptions (hints about whose

room it was).

• Building instruction: to recreate the bedroom you

imagine the character to have.

• Writing instruction: to write a description of the

bedroom without mentioning the character’s

name.

Year 5 activity ideas

Writing a play script - modernising a Shakespeare

scene (Hamlet)

• Main purpose of the activity: to decode an

original Shakespeare scene using LEGO bricks and

write it as a modern play script.

• Building instruction: to create the scene and

read through it with each group member taking a

dierent part, speaking their lines and moving the

character (acting with it) appropriately.

• Writing instruction: to rewrite the Shakespeare

scene in a modern style.

Writing a poem: “go tiptoe through the woods”

• Main purpose of the activity: for children to plan

the scene of their poem, considering eective

imagery and appropriate vocabulary. The poem

that they were basing theirs upon has a specic

structure and pattern that they were asked to

follow.

• Building instruction: to create your images

independently for 15 minutes. Share and listen to

ideas. Work together to build one group model.

Attach descriptive vocabulary to your model.

• Writing instruction: to create your own poem

based upon the example and follow its structure.

Use the LEGO model to help you describe each

section.

Ideas for playful writing

Creating freeze frames - alternative story

ending writing

• Main purpose of the activity: to combine

children’s predictions and imaginations to create

an ending for an author’s chapter.

• Building instruction: to create freeze-frames

using the LEGO bricks (they then did actual freeze

frames after as well).

• Writing instruction: to write the ending of the

chapter, using paragraphs and connectives.

Retelling the story of Romeo and Juliet

• Main purpose of the activity: to build two scenes

per group of three to add to the class storyboard-

telling the whole story as a class. Clues to who the

characters are must be present and body language

should be considered.

• Building instruction: children had a synopsis of

the story, which they were already very familiar

with and their two sections were highlighted. They

were to build the two scenes providing clues to

characters and feelings so that they were easily

readable to others.

• Writing instruction: to use synonyms to

introduce the story; use causal connectives to

retell the middle of the story; use the conditional

to explain the regrets of the characters at the

end. Each child had a storyboard of photos of all

of the scenes produced.

Representing a tense encounter – linked to ‘Theseus

and the Minotaur’

• Main purpose of the activity: to create the scene

where Theseus encounters the Minotaur.

• Building instruction: to create a crucial, detailed

scene when Theseus comes across the Minotaur.

• Writing instruction: to describe in writing the

feelings of a character at a point of tension.

Creating a crime scene - police report writing

• Main purpose of the activity: to create a crime

scene and then retell what had happened in the

format of a police report.

• Building instruction: to create a crime scene

based on the book “Tuesday”.

• Writing instruction: to write a police report

ensuring that it is written in the third person, with

quotes and direct speech, and that it is written

with evidence.

Ideas for playful writing

Credits

This teacher handbook is written by

Researchers David Whitebread and Marisol Basilio at

the PEDAL Centre, Faculty of Education, University of

Cambridge, UK.

With valued contributions from

Teachers Kate Gutterridge, Lynne Morris, David

Hawkins, Jemma Calverley, Katie Fischer, Julie Hare,

Sonia Ingersent, Emily Barratt, and Carrie Rice.

Children from Years 1, 3 and 5 at Bar Hill Community

School, Fawcett Primary School, and St. Matthews

Primary School in Cambridge, UK.

PLaNS co-investigators Helen Bradford and Mary

Anne Wolpert, Faculty of Education, University of

Cambridge.

PLaNS Research team R. Heeds, H. Jensen, M. Kim, M.

Kuvalja, S. Nath, A. O’Connor, Z. Rao, G. Seymour, P.

Torres, L. Vuillier, and A. Zachariou

The resources, tips and activity ideas on pages 22-27

are adapted with permission from Pino-Pasternak,

D. (2010). The Children Articulating Thinking (ChAT)

Project Activity Handbook and Dawes, L. & Sams, C.

(2004). Talk Box: Speaking & Listening Activities at

Key Stage 1. London: David Fulton.

Follow this link to access the ChAT handbook:

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0Bzu8VsCz0-

yaRjZrOU1YM3gzYzg

The pictures on pages 43 and 45 were taken at a

Playful Writing Day in October 2015 and feature with

permission from the University of Cambridge Primary

School.

Suggested citation

Whitebread, D. & Basilio, M. (2017). Playful Writing:

Building stories together to inspire young writers: a

teacher handbook. PEDAL: Centre for Research on

Play in Education, Development and Learning & the

LEGO Foundation.

About the authors

Dr. David Whitebread

David is a developmental psychologist and early years

specialist. Before joining the Faculty of Education, he

taught in primary schools for 12 years. His research

interests are concerned with children’s psychological

development and implications for quality in early

childhood and primary education. In particular, his

work has focused on young children’s playfulness,

their language development and the consequences

for early metacognition and self-regulation. His

latest book is Developmental Psychology and Early

Childhood Education (Sage, 2012).

Dr. Marisol Basilio

Marisol is a developmental and educational

psychologist. Her work is focused on cognitive

and social skills that enhance learning experiences

in childhood. Marisol is particularly interested

in supporting equitable learning opportunities

throughout the early years by understanding

how adults can encourage children to become

independent and playful learners. She is currently

a Research Fellow at the Faculty of Education,

University of Cambridge, supported by an ESRC

Future Research Leaders grant.

This Playful Writing handbook is published with

support from the LEGO Foundation

The handbook is published in 2016 and licensed under

a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-

ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License (http://

creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.09)

ISBN: 978-87-999589-0-0

Credits

The Faraway Tree

Inspired by Enid Blyton’s novel

‘The Enchanted Wood’ (1939)

About the PEDAL Centre

The PEDAL centre is located in the University of

Cambridge Faculty of Education, and was launched

in October 2015 with funding from the LEGO

Foundation. Our mission is to conduct academic

research into the role of play in young children’s

education, development and learning to inform wider

practice and policy.

About the LEGO Foundation

Founded in 1986, the LEGO Foundation is built on the

enduring values of the founding family behind the

LEGO Group. Our aim is to raise awareness of the role

of play for creativity, learning and development and to

build and share knowledge on how to engage children

in learning-rich play activities. We collaborate with

leading academic institutions to cultivate and spread

this knowledge, and we strive to equip and empower

children to build a better future for themselves and

their societies.

The LEGO Foundation

Get to know us better at

LEGOFoundation.com

@LEGOFoundation

Like us on Facebook:

facebook.com/LEGOFoundation

LEGO Fonden | CVR: 12 45 83 39 |

Koldingvej 2, DK-7190 Billund

The PEDAL Centre

Get to know us better at

educ.cam.ac.uk/centres/pedal/

@PEDALCam

Watch the PLaNS project video

https://vimeo.com/142506730

ISBN: 978-87-999589-0-0

Together, we

champion

learning

through play