Milling Tools
92
Historical background: copy mill
In many cases the ball nose milling tools are called “copy milling cutters”, “copying style mills” or
plainly “copy mills”. These terms trace their history to not so long-ago when the contoured surfaces
were produced on conventional milling machines of a copying arrangement – the copy milling
machines. The machines, operated manually or having a follow-up drive of hydraulic, electric, etc.
type, feature the ability to follow a master model (template) and thus to generate the contoured
surfaces by cutting. As a matter of course, the copy milling machines use mainly the cutters of
ball-shaped or toroidal cutting profile that were called “copy mills” accordingly.
Introduction of the CNC machines dramatically changed the technology of generating the contoured
surfaces by cutting. In contrast to the traditional copy milling that allowed machining for the most
part 2-D profiles, modern CNC technology is capable of producing very complicated 3-D shapes
by metal cutting; and today “template”, which defines tool paths, is a computer solid model.
The model built with the use of CAD/CAM software is intended for generating corresponding
CNC programs. Therefore sometimes used terms “copy milling” and correspondingly “copy mills”,
now substantially differ from their original meanings.
The ability to generate exact, true to form surfaces is the prime advantage of the ball nose milling
tools. However, the ball-shaped cutting edge, which predetermines this important feature, has
one serious weak point: the zero velocity (and hence the zero cutting speed) of a cutter tip. That
phenomenon makes cutting near to the tip difficult. Further, the points of a ball-shaped cutting
edge lay on unequal distance from a tool axis varying from zero (the tip) to the radius of the
corresponding sphere. Such a variation means that the points cut were with different cutting
speeds. The chip thinning effect considered in the previous sections of the guide also takes
place here. The combination of unequal cutting speeds and dissimilar chip thickness leads to a
substantial difference in loading the points of the cutting edge along its profile, which makes cutting
harder and intensifies wear in the certain areas of the cutting edge.
Cutting tool engineers take into account the mentioned negative effect when designing the cutting
geometry of a ball nose tool. Additionally, machining practice advances different methods that
improve the performance of the ball nose tools and makes them more effective. For instance,
milling with a tool when its axis is not perpendicular to a machined surface (“tilting”, Fig. 42) makes
loading on the cutting edge more uniform. Another example: replacing rampdown milling (case
a, Fig. 43) on rampup milling (case b, the same figure) in a machining process at once changes
the cutting conditions for the better. Under the same programmed spindle speed and feed in
case a), the most stressed portion of the cutting edge is the area near the cutter tip that features
low cutting speeds; while in case b), the cutting edge area, which carries the main load, is in a
much better situation when a more acceptable cutting speed corresponds to this area. Of course,
machining specific parts can demand various milling strategies; and the examples only illustrate
some particular properties associated with the ball nose cutting geometry. The correct process
planning requires taking the properties into consideration.
ISCAR carries a wide range of ball nose milling cutters of diverse types: indexable and solid, single-
insert and with interchangeable solid cutting heads. Normally these are endmills with shank and
they vary in dimensions and obtainable accuracy. In addition, the cutters of the single-insert and
indexable types are available not only as tools with integral body but in most cases as replaceable
cutting heads with a FLEXFIT or MULTI-MASTER adaptation. For the tools with integral body
(Fig.44), there are different design configurations with straight (type A) and tapered (conical) neck
(types B and D). Usually type B features an operating angle α equal to 5°, and type D –2°. Table
68 shows the most popular ISCAR families of the ball nose endmill cutters.