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Chairman Lynch, Ranking Member Davidson, and Members of the Task Force:
Thank you for inviting me to testify today on behalf of the low-income clients of the National
Consumer Law Center.
Since 1969, the nonprofit National Consumer Law Center® (NCLC®) has used its expertise in
consumer law and energy policy to work for consumer justice and economic security for low-
income and other disadvantaged people in the United States through its expertise in policy
analysis and advocacy, publications, litigation, expert witness services, and training. NCLC
works with nonprofit and legal services organizations, private attorneys, policymakers, and
federal and state government and courts across the nation to stop exploitative practices, help
financially stressed families build and retain wealth, and advance economic fairness. Our 21-
volume consumer law series includes several treatises that cover issues relevant to the forms of
credit discussed in this hearing, including Consumer Credit Regulation, Truth in Lending, and
Unfair and Deceptive Acts and Practices.
1. Introduction and Summary
We are seeing an explosion of new products allowing consumers to purchase goods and services
on credit or to take advances when money runs out before payday. Some are balloon-payment
loans, repaid in full with the next deposit or paycheck. Others are repaid over time, some in four
installments, others over a longer time period. Some of these products are free, some purport to
be free but have hidden or deceptive costs, others charge interest.
Some new types of financing products are seizing opportunities posed by gaps or failures in the
current marketplace. If well designed, they may have a place in meeting consumers’ needs. Other
fintech liquidity products appear primarily to be designed to evade consumer protection laws.
I am worried about credit products that claim not to be covered by federal or state credit laws.
Even credit products that can help consumers to manage their finances need to be covered by
basic consumer protections, including interest rate limits, underwriting for ability-to-repay, cost
transparency, dispute rights and fair lending laws.
However they are styled, products that provide funding or cash today and that are repaid later are
credit. The use of new technologies or models does not make these products fundamentally
different than forms of credit that have been around a long time. Shiny fintech garb does not
remove the need for basic consumer protections to ensure that credit is affordable, responsible,
transparent, and fair.
We must keep a close eye on how products evolve, as products may not stay free or low-cost.
The ultimate business model may not always be or remain what it appears.
In brief, here are my observations about some of the newer forms of credit that have caught our
eye and that are designed in ways that claim to be outside of some or all credit laws:
• Buy-now-pay-later products, if affordable and truly free to the consumer, may help
consumers manage larger purchases without the long-term debt and high costs of credit
cards. But some BNPL products may have deceptive and abusive profit models built on