Revised Fall 2017
Personal Communication
(Interviews, phone conversations, letters, e-mails, etc.)
Personal interviews, whether conducted in person, by e-mail, or by telephone, need to be cited
within the text of your paper. However, because the information cannot be found later by a
reader, personal communication is NOT included on your References page.
There are two ways to cite a personal interview, depending on whether the name of the person
being interviewed is mentioned in your writing:
1. If you do not use the name of the person you interviewed in your writing, include it in
your citation. Note that only the first initial and last name are necessary.
Example:
After interviewing my grandfather, I learned that starting a new business can be very
expensive (G. Robertson, personal communication, September 28, 2015).
2. If you do use the name of the person you interviewed in your writing, you do not need
to include it in your citation.
Example:
According to Gordon Robertson (personal communication, September 28, 2015), starting
a new business can be very expensive.
** Please note that the APA recommends keeping all notes and e-mail correspondence from
personal interviews in case your accuracy is questioned.
APA formatting is very complicated!
If you need help citing wikis, blogs, podcasts, lecture notes, online discussion boards, software,
presentation slides, graphic data, etc.: Make an appointment with the BBCC by visiting the
website: www.montana.edu/business/bracken/bbcc.
Or
Consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.), which can
be found online or in the BBCC, 110 Jabs Hall.